West Side Story Essays -- English Literature

air jacket Side apologue1. Point out how the general setting of the play is established. lend at least two examples.The play West Side Story takes place in a suburb on the West Side of smart York City. We can conclude that we atomic number 18 talking about a soci all toldydisadvantaged suburb as the surrounding area is described with highbrick walls, non very attractive and by the presence of the two gangs the Jets and the Sharks.We are withal able to say in which time period the actions take place.As an index we are using the dance at the gym in stand for I,Scene 4,where Tony and Maria first sate. At this dance everyone is dancing thejitterbug just as the jive. Both were popular during the 1940s and1950s.We should also mention that it is summer. Otherwise regular(prenominal) autumn orwinter weather would have been mentioned and/or the gangs possiblywould non set the rumble outside.( 139 )2. Outline the typical features of the society depicted.First we meet the Jets. They a re a group of polish ancestry, all bornin the States therefore representing the american break off. The group itselfrepresents some kind of close belonging-together in which no outsideris allowed to enter. Even for Anybodys, who desperately wants to beaccepted inwardly the group, the chafe is somehow denied. This alsoshows some sort of power structure the Jets follow. Despite the hierarchythe members of the Jets behave more or less the same. They see thememebers as superior individuals peculiarly when comparing with theSharks or their own family. For example do they express themselves ontheir parents our mothers all are junkies, our fathers all aredrunks ( Act II, Scene 2).No issue what when it comes to the spics they feel the membershipto ... ...e and harmony without being threatenedshould not be left out from this list. Tony and Maria are obviouslynot able to do so. Also when Anita enters the shop to leave a messagefor Tony is she treated with disrespect. This, as well as bla mingMaria for not sticking with her own kind efficiency lead to her telling alie.One aspect going on with the preceding statements, being of greatimportance especially in this play, is the equality of all peopleliving in the United States. In no part of the play do the differentcultural groups seem to be equal unless in the end when Tony iskilled. Only because of her hate does Maria give the impression ofeveryone in the scene being equal. In all other scenes everyone istreated according to their descent. The Jets are treated differentlyby the police and as we are told within the society - as the Sharksare. West Side Story Essays -- English LiteratureWest Side Story1. Point out how the general setting of the play is established.Give at least two examples.The play West Side Story takes place in a suburb on the West Side ofNew York City. We can conclude that we are talking about a sociallydisadvantaged suburb as the surrounding area is described with highbrick walls, not very attractive and by the presence of the two gangs the Jets and the Sharks.We are also able to say in which time period the actions take place.As an indicator we are using the dance at the gym in Act I,Scene 4,where Tony and Maria first meet. At this dance everyone is dancing thejitterbug just as the jive. Both were popular during the 1940s and1950s.We should also mention that it is summer. Otherwise typical autumn orwinter weather would have been mentioned and/or the gangs possiblywould not set the rumble outside.( 139 )2. Outline the typical features of the society depicted.First we meet the Jets. They are a group of polish ancestry, all bornin America therefore representing the american part. The group itselfrepresents some kind of close belonging-together in which no outsideris allowed to enter. Even for Anybodys, who desperately wants to beaccepted within the group, the access is somehow denied. This alsoshows some sort of hierarchy the Jets follow. Despite the hierarchy the members of the Jets behave more or less the same. They see thememebers as superior individuals especially when comparing with theSharks or their own family. For example do they express themselves ontheir parents our mothers all are junkies, our fathers all aredrunks ( Act II, Scene 2).No matter what when it comes to the spics they feel the membershipto ... ...e and harmony without being threatenedshould not be left out from this list. Tony and Maria are obviouslynot able to do so. Also when Anita enters the shop to leave a messagefor Tony is she treated with disrespect. This, as well as blamingMaria for not sticking with her own kind might lead to her telling alie.One aspect going along with the preceding statements, being of greatimportance especially in this play, is the equality of all peopleliving in the United States. In no part of the play do the differentcultural groups seem to be equal unless in the end when Tony iskilled. Only because of her hate does Maria give the im pression ofeveryone in the scene being equal. In all other scenes everyone istreated according to their descent. The Jets are treated differentlyby the police and as we are told within the society - as the Sharksare.

explication of cummings poem since feeling is first Essay -- since fe

explication of e. e. cummings poem since feeling is first e. e. cummings since feeling is first is nearly feeling (802). This is immediately evident from the title and first line, which emphasize the word feeling in several different ways. The stresses on feel- and first, as well as the alliteration between those two words, make explicit their connection and importance, and the repetition of the same line in both title and first line serves to enkindle the effect. The meaning of the first line is clear, but because of cummings characteristic absence of punctuation and capitalization as well as sentence structure, the next few lines be more ambiguous. The first three lines together could be paraphrased as, Because feeling comes first, who cares about the rules? Feeling is first in order of importance, and the rest does not matter. Who pays attention is a rhetorical question meaning that no one pays any attention. However, the ambiguousness of sentence structure means that the last two lines of the first stanza, the syntax of things / will never entirely kiss you, can also be read together. Linked together in such a way, this clause means that structure, such as grammar, is not engaging it does not seize the imagination or emotions the way feeling does. This thought is continued in the next stanza, with the repeated word wholly linking back to the previous line. Spring is a time of year known for giddy foolishness, and cummings plays off this idea. The use of the word fool implies that there is a lack of intelligence, therefore that intelligence is important however, in the next stanza, the speaker lets go of intellect entirely, declaring, kisses are a better fa... ...Even though during the height of look we may be able to do whatever we want, eventually we will have to follow the rules, so we should make the most of it while we still can. Because it uses the brat of death to urge the addressee to hurry up and live life to the fullest, especially t hrough love, e. e. cummings since feeling is first is essentially a carpe diem poem. Works Cited cummings, e. e. since feeling is first. The Norton Anthology of Poetry. Ed. Margaret Ferguson et al. fifth ed., shorter. New York W. W. Norton, 1997. Professors Comments Very well done indeed. Two thoughts 1) you might emphasize the paradox involved--even in trying to throw out syntax, he cant get apart from its terms and metaphors 2) maybe try to get a bit of a smile into your own tone--a touch of wit to match his. But as a whole, fine work.

Starstruck :: essays research papers fc

The novel Starstruck is written by Kathy Hopkins, and is 216 pages in length. The publisher is Harper Collins Publishing and the date of publication was not listed in the novel. Cathy Hopkins started writing novels in 1987, and she wrote a number of 16 books that year. In the year 2000 she started to write teen novels.My novel Starstruck is about a girl named Lia, dealing with her feverous everyday life. In this book Lia gets asked out by Squidge (one of her friends) and she says yes. Finally they are boyfriend and girlfriend. Cat and Becca (other friends) are very happy for their friends and everything is expiration great. Then everything changes because the town finds outthat the will be a host city for a movie being made about teen life. savannah, the teenage star of the movie adopts Squidge as her personal runner. Will he be able to keep Savannah happy without breaking his promise to Lia?Lia is a overblown slender young woman whom all the boys are crazy for. She has long bl onde hair, blue eyes, and has the perfect complexion. Lia is honest because she had never told a lie in her life, says Becca. She is also very determined because she never gives up and fights for what she believes in. I just do think that it is fair that we should brook to go to schooling while the movie is being shoot Mr. Jenks, it is a very exciting event probably the most exciting this city has seen for years. Savannah is on of the minor characters of this story. She is a beautiful teenage girl who is a super star. There is not much more about Savannah turf out that she is snobby and thinks that she can get whatever she wants whenever she wants. ..go get me a drink Squidge, Im thirsty, and do it instantaneously before I fire you.Squidge is some other one of the minor characters of my novel. He is an aspiring film director who is very confident. He can be shy at times when situations become overwhelming. now if everybody does not co-operate this movie wont be made so Squidg e STOP moving the camera and get back to work.At the radical of the story the setting is at Lias house, but as the story progresses the setting changes. For the rest of the story the setting is at the main high school in Cornwall.

Rock and Roll Essay -- Music, Elvis Presley

What comes to mind when you think about Rock and Roll? Is it the pulsating rhythms, and upbeat tempo that seemingly sooth the mind? What many founding fathert realize is this phenomenon was started by a single man that combined various elements he loved. This man, Elvis Presley, not only created Rock and Roll except a new era of attitude and personality which people perceived as they watched him perform. Elvis Aaron Presley, one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century, started a new clothing style for his generation, influenced a new era of dance, and most notably introduced Rock and Roll to the world. Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi into a loving but poor family (Tracy 1). From the young age of 7, Elvis showed a passion for music. He was introduced to music in the familys Assembly of God church building where the southern gospel music became an important influence on his success. When Elvis mother Gladys acquired enough money, she bought him his firs t guitar, he then taught himself to play and in October 1945, he had his first taste of success in music by placing in the town fair talent contest (Famous Quotes. After graduating high shallow in 1953, he worked various jobs while still pursuing his musical career. Later in 1953, he walked into Sun Studios where he paid four dollars to testify his first record. Upon hearing Elvis recording, Sam Philips decided to take him under his wing and then became his record label owner (Elvis Presley). In 1954, he produced his first single Thats all Right. From then until his death he became the biggest phenomenon forever in the world of entertainment (Morrison 1). From the start of Elvis career, he was in the center of the spotlight but before his career even started his appe... ...ers of his time. Elvis is known as the leading artist in R & B, gospel, and American artless (Elvis Presley). He has sold over a billion records, more than any other artist known to man. He was one of the fir st performers ever inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986 (Brewster 1). Elvis loved performing live concerts A live concert to me is exciting because of all the electricity that is generated in the crowd and onstage, its his favorite part of his business (Famous Quotes 1). Even today he still remains a legendary music range of a function for popularizing and creating the start of Rock and Roll (Brewster 1). It is impossible to think of a Rock and Roll star who doesnt owe a debt to Elvis Presley (Ebsco). Today he is still known as the starter of Rock and Roll, and is the most successful recording artist in terms of hit songs and hit albums still today.

Argumentative Essay: Guns Save Lives :: Gun Control Essays

The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations will continue to increment until owning a wadgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens ache guns, they are safer from criminals, bringing crime evaluate down.Con 1Freedom has a price. For free speech the price is political dissent like flag burning, for freedom of religion you have to grant beliefs that differ from the masses. the right to assemble means that the nazis and clan can assemble too. The founding fathers felt that to protect these freedoms the population had to be armed. Hundreds of thousands of innocent people have died because of cars, and in that locations no movement to ban them. is the right to drive cars that much more important than protecting our freedom. CON 2According to statistics there is 1 legal philosophy officer for every 23,000 people in this country. Now how can that 1 policeman be there to protect me. The constitution does not guarantee us protection from murder or crime. It does provide us with a means to protect ourselves with the right to bear arms. We must stop trying to take hand guns away from law abiding citizens. Hand guns are here to stay and no legislation can rid the world of them. Think about it, there is a law making it illegal to own and use many drugs. Has that law stopped the drug problem we have in this country.CON 3Even though there are statistics of gun violence, where are the charts of KNIFE violence or AUTOMOBILE violence? Not to mention deaths by screwdrivers, disease, baseball bats, crossbows, and on. IF a person really planned to kill anyone, that person would have found anything that would do the job. A disturbed person is more dangerous than a loaded gun, a gun is predictable, adisturbed person isnt. Two people hijacked a commercial jet liner with nothin g beside a $5 box attendant that is readily available at your local hardware store, there is no restrictions on that. We already have over 20,000 gun laws on the books that are existence ignored by criminals. In the Columbine High School tragedy, at least eighteen (18) existing anti-gun laws were broken. Does anyone really think the shooters cared they were breaking those anti-gun laws?

Argumentative Essay: Guns Save Lives :: Gun Control Essays

The NRA argues that the Second Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees individuals the right to own and carry guns. They are concerned that federal regulations forget continue to increase until owning a handgun will be difficult to achieve, infringing on their Constitutional rights. They also argue that if law-abiding citizens have guns, they are safer from criminals, delivery crime rates down.Con 1Freedom has a price. For free speech the price is political dissent like flag burning, for freedom of holiness you have to tolerate beliefs that differ from the masses. the right to assemble means that the nazis and clan can assemble too. The founding fathers felt that to protect these freedoms the population had to be armed. Hundreds of thousands of clean-handed people have died because of cars, and thithers no movement to ban them. is the right to drive cars that much more than important than protecting our freedom. CON 2According to statistics there is 1 police officer f or every 23,000 people in this country. Now how can that 1 policeman be there to protect me. The constitution does non guarantee us protection from murder or crime. It does provide us with a means to protect ourselves with the right to bear arms. We must stop seek to take hand guns away from law abiding citizens. Hand guns are here to stay and no legislation can rid the world of them. commemorate about it, there is a law making it illegal to own and use many drugs. Has that law stopped the drug problem we have in this country.CON 3Even though there are statistics of gun violence, where are the charts of KNIFE violence or AUTOMOBILE violence? Not to character reference deaths by screwdrivers, disease, baseball bats, crossbows, and on. IF a person really planned to kill anyone, that person would have found anything that would do the job. A disturbed person is more dangerous than a loaded gun, a gun is predictable, adisturbed person isnt. Two people hijacked a commercial jet liner with nothing beside a $5 box cutter that is readily available at your local hardware store, there is no restrictions on that. We already have over 20,000 gun laws on the books that are being ignored by criminals. In the Columbine High School tragedy, at least eighteen (18) existing anti-gun laws were broken. Does anyone really think the shooters cared they were interruption those anti-gun laws?

Solvong the Education Equation

Josh Irish English 101 6 March, 2013 Solving the Education Equation ?The myth of culture in the States calculates like a broken function box what we are putting in is non coming out complete, thus expiration an unsolved equation. This unsolved equation is the education frame in America, which continuously crams numbers into the function, without yielding any results. This myth America has constructed has been debated by many, benefited few, and has encompassed us all. It was created by the culmination of false goals by a system that does not cater to society as a whole or been proven successful.The original missionary station statements of humankind education in a democracy set out by Horace Mann were to Equalize all conditions of men, in order to balance the wheel of the accessible machinery (Mann 116). I believe that the Americas current public education system is not fulfilling these goals set for all citizens of this nation. ?There are numerous intercommunicate goals of American education that have been set out, in writing, by the trusted officials of Americas government. These goals are aimed at creating a thriving society intermeshed by well rounded individual citizens.In Horace Manns address to the Massachusetts board of education he states, It may be safely affirmed that the commonality school, improved and energized as it can easily be, may become the most effective and benignant of all forces of civilization (Mann 117). Mann was suggesting that education can be very(prenominal) adaptable, suiting all facets of society to be the sole beneficiary creating good citizens. I believe that his vision was and is still true if America follows his advice, creating a system more adaptable around its constituents.I believe the main goals of education in a democracy should include individual empowerment, creating honest citizens, equal opportunity for success, and policy-making knowledge of your government. In regards to political knowledge, Michael M oore in idiot nation states, A nation that goes out of its way to remain ignorant and stupid, is not one that should be running the world at least not until its citizens can locate Kosovo(or any other country it has bombed) on the map (Moore 129). This shows just about how weensy Americans seem to know about their own governments practices and decision making.The apathetic attitude many Americans have towards politics as well shows thin out for their own well world, since the governments decisions will inevitably affect them. regarding success, John Gatto states that We have been taught in this country to think of success as substitutable to, or at least dependent upon schooling, but historically that isnt true in either an intellectual or a financial experience (Gatto 150). This alludes to the common phrase money doesnt buy happiness, in comparison to schooling not automatically bringing success.This is the main myth of our education system, which falsely advertises the tran sition of schooling into success. ?With every(prenominal) projected goal the government has for education, there are just as many ways our democracy is not fulfilling them. For starters, schools are massively overcrowded with an increasing student to teacher ratio, creating less interaction and communication between the two. On top of this problem, teachers are universe highly underpaid although they mustiness work harder trying to account for the larger amount of students.These problems stem from the fact that our education system is not adequately funded and resources are hard to come by. Michael Moore states the hypocritical nature of political funding in Idiot Nation when he says The ultimate irony is that the very politicians who refuse to fund education in America are the same ones that go ballistic over how kids have fallen behind the Japanese, Germans, and just about every country with running water and an sparing not based on the sale of Chiclets (Moore 138).Another pro blem we face is the current system being designed to merely push students along until the end, whether they are misrepresent or not, based on George bushs No Child Left Behind initiative. John Gatto reveals a solution to this in Against School when he states If we wanted we could easily jettison the old, stupid structures and help kids take an education, rather than merely receive schooling. we could encourage the best qualities of youthfulness simply by being more flexible and giving each student what autonomy he or she needs in order to take a risk every now and then (Gatto 149).The clearest problem we can see in education system is the separation of social classes within schools. schools are clearly still a separate and still unequal institution when you examine the differences between working class, middle class, affluent, and elite schools in America. Each of these levels of schools has a hidden political platform of work designed for that specific social classs educational upbringing. Working class schools follow steps of procedure, involving mechanical behavior, with little decision or quality making. In Middle class schools, work is getting the right answer.Therefore one must follow directions to get the right answers, and accumulate right answers to get a good grade. In affluent schools, students work independently with creative activity, and are asked to express ideas and concepts. This also involves individual thought and expression rather than listening to others. Lastly, elite schools develop ones analytical, intellectual powers by work that challenges both reason and logic through problems. All these levels of curriculum between schools correspond to students future designation or career path in societys workplace.Jean Anyon describes this abstruse in Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work when she says Public schools in complex industrial societies like our own make available different types of educational experience and curriculum knowledge to students in different social classes (Anyon 170). The hidden curriculum of schools in our public education system is clearly a problem and the biggest obstacle to creating equal opportunities for all students in America. ?Education creates empowerment. In theory, yes, this statement is true.However in the current state of education in America, this is false advertisement when you include the obstacles such as overcrowded schools, incompetent teachers, outdated information sources and hidden curriculum in schools. In order to make that statement more than a myth we need to become aware of the industrial complex that our government has made public education into and start changing the system. We as a nation must demand adequate funding for schools, relevant information sources and diminish class from being intertwined with our education.We live in a thriving, complex society that has become an idiot nation due to our passivity and apathetic attitude towards education. We must wake up and take back the very foundation of the American dream, our education. Once our nation achieves this we will solve the equation of the education system and function properly as a country. Works Cited Anyo, Jean. Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work. Rereading America cultural Contexts for small Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 70. Print. Gatto, John. Against School. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for faultfinding Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 149. Print. Gatto, John. Against School. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 150. Print. Mann, Horace. Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 116.Print. Mann, Horace. Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education. Rereading America Cult ural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 117. Print. Moore, Michael. Idiot Nation. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 129. Print. Moore, Michael. Idiot Nation. Rereading America Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. 8th ed. Boston Bedford of St. Martins, 1992. 138. Print.

In this report I will start by exploring Essay

In this report I will start by exploring the history of the Computerised Tomography (CT) electronic scanner and the technological advances which have make this type of medical imaging one of the most successful in its field. In addition, I will give a detailed explanation of the physics apply to generate and manipulate a three-dimensional anatomy. These images are utilize by physicians to diagnose cancers and vascular diseases or identify other injuries wi turn the atrophied system, which can cause millions of deaths separately year. This area of research has been chosen because I plan to enter the world of medicine in the next academic year. medicine is constantly changing and developing. Cost containment and limitations reimbursed for high gear-tech studies such as CT and Magnetic Resonance imagining (MRI) are part of the future for the health care system. For CT to grow, or at least survive, it must provide to a greater extent randomness than other imaging modalities in a c ost-effective, clock-efficient manner and at this present time it is able to achieve its aim. History Computed Tomography (CT) imaging is as well(p) known as CAT scanning (Computed Axial Tomography). Tomography is from the Greek words tomos mean slice and graphia meaning describing.The first CT scanner was invented in Britain by the EMI Medical Laboratories in 1973 and was designed by the engineer Godfrey N Hounsfield. Hounsfield was later awarded the Nobel repose Prize for his contributions to medicine and science. prototype 1. 0 (below left) show the first ever CT scanner produced, with its designer Hounsfield further E. (1993) and Imaginis. com disk operating system that the first clinical CT scanners were installed surrounded by 1974 and 1976. The original systems were dedicated to head imaging only, but whole body systems with larger uncomplaining openings became in stock(predicate) in 1976.CT became widely available by about 1980. According to Imaginis. com, at th is present time there are approximately 6,000 CT scanners in the United States and about 30,000 worldwide. However, it should be noted that many third-world counties do not have the financial capability to purchase CT scanners and as a government issue do not posses them. The first dispatch of CT scanners developed by the EMI took several hours to acquire the data for a single scan. In addition, it would take days to reconstruct a single image from this raw data.Bell J.(2006), suggest that modern CT scanners can collect up to 4 slices of data in about 350ms and reconstruct a 512 x 512 matrix from millions of data in slight than a second. Since its development 36 years ago CT has made advances in speed, patient comfort and annunciation . A blown-upger volume can be scanned in less time and artefacts can be reduced as faster scans can bear away faults caused from patient motion. Another advance took place in 1987. Bushong C. S (2004) suggests that, in the original CT scanners t he x-ray power was transferred to the x-ray underpass by high voltage cable however modern CT scanners use the rule of slip ring.This is explained in more detail under advances. solve 1. 1 (below right) shows what a modern CT scanner looks like. CT examinations are now quicker as well as being more patient-friendly. Much research has been undertaken in this field, which as a result has led to the development of high-resolution imaging for diagnostic purposes. In addition, the research has also reduced the risk of radiation by being able to provide good images at the lowest possible x-ray dose. Principles and Components of CT CT scanners are based on the x-ray principle x-rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves which are able to pass through the body.Roberts P. D (1990) states, that as they are absorbed or attenuated at distinct levels, they are able to create a matrix of differing strength. In x-ray gondolas this matrix is registered on film, whereas in the case of CT the fi lm is replaced by detectors which touchstone the strength of x-ray. To understand how a CT scanner works in more detail, I shall start by looking at the equipment used. Firstly, we must decompose the basic components which make a CT scanner work. These are the gantry, operating console and a computer. Figure 1. 2 shows the order in which the information passes.Figure 1.2 shows only basic components other components will be explained later in the course of this report. Arguably, the most important part of a CT scanner is the gantry. gantry According to Foster E (1993) and Impactscan. org, the gantry consists of an x-ray source. Opposite the x-ray source, on the other side of the gantry, is an x-ray detector. During a scan a patient will lie on a table which slides into the centre of the gantry until the part of the body to be scanned is between the x-ray source and detector. The x-ray machine and x-ray detector both rotate around the patients body, re maining opposite each other.As they rotate around, the x-ray machine emits supple beams of x-rays through the patients body and into the x-ray detector. Figure 1. 3 shows the inside of a gantry. The detectors detect the strength of the x-ray beam that has passed through the body. The denser the tissues, the less x-rays pass through. The x-ray detectors feed this information into a computer as shown is Figure 1. 3. Different types of tissue with different densities show up in a picture on the computer monitor as different colours or shades of grey. Therefore, an image is created by the computer of a slice (cross- section) of a thin section of a body.Before advancing any further we must understand the physics hobo this process. roentgen ray resistance The X-ray tube inside the gantry (figure 1. 4) produces the X-ray beams by converting electrical energy into an electromagnetic wave. Graham T. D (1996) and Bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 suggest that, this is achieved by accelerating electrons from an electrically negativ e cathode towards a positive anode. As the electrons hit the target they are decelerated quickly, causing them to lose energy which is converted into heat energy and X-rays. The anode and cathode form a circuit which is ideal by the flow of electrons through the vacuum of the tube.The basic layout of an X-ray tube is shown below (figure 1. 4). Figure 1. 4 shows that a high voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode. This very high potential is supplied by a high-voltage generator. The high voltage is the provider of the electrical energy needed for conversion and thus turnout of X-ray beams. A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The process is based on the relationship between magnetism and electricity. In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet is moved inside a coil of wire, electrical current flows in the wire.Three-phase Generator Three-phase generators are typical of CT scanners. Ogborn J. (2001) and koehler. me. uk, sta te that this process can be thought of as three phase AC generators combined into one. The poles of the permanent rotating armature magnet swing past each of the non-permanent stator coil magnets. This induces an oscillating voltage across each of the three coils. Figure 1. 5 shows a three phase generator. As we can see from figure 1. 5, each of the three coils has a wire leading from it. These three wires join together to form the purple wire that leads to the purple terminal see from figure 1.5 As the three separate coils are arranged 120i apart, the oscillations of each of these are 120i out phase. This bureau the purple (or neutral) wire can be quite thin since the different phases add up to approximately zero. The potential difference generated needs to be high high potential difference has a number of advantages in CT scanners. High potential difference reduces bone attenuation (greater penetration) allowing wider range of image (larger grey scale as bone is not merely etio lated as on normal x-ray- (this will be explained later).In addition, the higher the radiation intensity at the detectors in the gantry, the better the information acquired. Gantry The Collimator In this section we shall look at the gantry (figure 1. 3) in more detail. Figure 1. 6 shows a diagrammatic representation of the inside of a gantry. According to Foster E (1993), inside the gantry is a beam restrictor called, collimator. Beam restrictors are lead obstacles placed near to the anode of the X-ray tube (figure 1. 4) and are used to govern the width of the X-ray beam allowed to pass through the patient.Beam restrictors are needed as they keep patient exposure to a minimum and also reduce scattered rays. This is very important as X-rays are produced by a centre spot on the anode they are not all produced at the same point. In addition, restrictors also maintain beam width travelling through the patient, which as a result affects the image quality (stronger beam means better imag e). The most effective form of a beam restrictor is a collimator. This is situated in front of the X-ray tube and consists of two sets of four skid lead shutters which move independently to restrict the beam.The Filters By looking at figure 1. 6 we can see another apparatus positioned between the collimator and the X-ray tube. This is the filter and its job is to remove the long wavelength X-rays produced from the X-ray tube. Impactscan. org suggests that, the X-ray tube produces radiation which consists of long and short wavelengths. However, the filter removes long wavelength radiation as this does not play a role in CT image formation, but increases patient dose. We know that long wavelength radiation is less energetic, and as a result passes through the body and cannot be detected.Furthermore, a person who is very large may not fit into the opening of a conventional CT scanner or may be over the weight limit for the moving table. This could possibly be the next technological adv ancement in CT scanners. Advantages The main advantage of CTs is that a short scan time of 600 milliseconds to a few seconds can be used for all anatomic part of the body. This is a big advantage especially for people who are claustrophobic. In addition, it is painless, non-invasive and accurate. As CT scans are fast and simple, in emergency cases they can reveal internal injuries and haemorrhage quickly enough to help save lives.Also, in this period of economic recession the CT has shown to be cost-effective imaging tool for a wide range of clinical problems. Comparing CT to its competitors the MRI scan, CT is less sensitive to patient movement and can be performed even if the patient has an deep-seated medical device, unlike MRI. At the present time the CT scanner is superior to the MRI scanner. MRIs are bigger machines, with much more sensitive electronics in addition to requiring bigger support structures to operate them. To sum that all up- MRI machines cost more and this coul d be the underlying reason that CT are used more than MRI scans.Finally, a diagnosis determined by CT scanning may eliminate the need for exploratory surgery. Risks The main risk of CT is the chance of cancer from exposure to radiation. The radiation ionises the body cells which mutate when they replicate and form a tumour. However, the benefits of an accurate diagnosis outweigh the risks. In our recent field of honor of ionisation radiation we have learned about the unit of Sievert. Radiologyinfo. org states that a radiation dose from this procedure ranges from 2 to 5 mSV, which is approximately the same as the background radiation received in 4 years.The main risk of CT scanner is cancer however this is only if they are used excessively. interrogation for the bare-assed Scientist suggests that the risk is very small and the benefits greatly weight it. Summary In this report I started by looking at the history behind the CT scan and how this medical imaging has taken the science world by storm. I wherefore explained the basic principles behind the scanner. As understanding of these principles grew, we were then led into the physics and a more in depth explanation. The different components of the CT were explained in detail such as the three-phase generator and how an x-ray tube works.This links in with our recent study of physics. During the report we were also able to understand how slip ring and thus helical scanning has proven to be a major advance is this field. Once again, the physics behind this was explained in whatsoever detail. The report concluded by looking at the various applications, advantages and risks. The medical imaging world is constantly changing and improving like any field of medicine. Companies are always trying to produce imaging machines which are faster, more accurate, more economical and present less risk to the patient.Therefore, the life span of the CT scanner could be limited with its competitors waiting to emerge in the bac kground. The information in this report is very factual and accurate. I used a variety of sources to obtain the information. Most of the information in this coursework is attained from universities and radiology books. In addition, well-known articles were used from the monthly radiology magazine, Synergy as well as information from the New Scientist and Nature. Synergy is the biggest radiography magazine in the UK, which makes me believe that the information obtained it accurate.In addition, New Scientist and Nature are well established titles which more often than not provide accurate information. The websites I used are all recommended by The University of Hertfordshire to its undergraduates in radiography. This means they are also reliable sources of information. In addition, I also used a number of well recognised radiology books. By using different sources of information, I was able to eliminate any bias or inaccurate information provided in some sources. To sum up, I believe the information provided is accurate and reliable.Bibliography Book References Allday J, Adams S (2000) Advanced Physics. Oxford University hale Ball J, More D. A (2006) Essential Physics for Radiographers. Blackwell publication Bushong C. S (2004) Radiologic Science for Technologist. Mosby Inc Duncan T, (1987) Physics A Textbook for Advanced train Students. John Murray Elliott A, McCormick A (2004) Health Physics. Cambridge University Press Foster E (1993) Equipment for Diagnostic Radiographer. MTP Press Limited Graham T. D (1996) Principles of Radiological Physics. Churchill Livingstone. Ogborn et al (2000) Advancing Physics A2. Institute of Physics Roberts P. D, Smith L. N (1990) Radiographic Imaging. Churchill Livingstone Thompson C, Wakeling J (2003) AS Level Physics. Coordinate Group Publication. On Line References Figure 1. 0 obtained from, www. catscanman. net Figure 1. 1 obtained from, www. mh. org. au Figure 1. 3 and Figure 1. 4 obtained from, www. impactscan . org/slides Figure 1. 5 obtained from, www. koehler. me. uk Figure 1. 6 and Figure 1. 7 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides Figure 1. 8 obtained from, www. itnonline. net. Figure 1. 9 and Figure 2. 0 obtained from www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 1 obtained from, www. csmc. edu Figure 2. 2 and Figure 2. 3 obtained from, www. sprawls. org/resources Figure 2. 4, Figure 2. 5 and Figure 2. 6 obtained from www. impactscan. org/slides www. radiologyinfo. org (25 February 2009) www. imaginis. com/ct-scan/ (12 March 2009) www. bbc. co. uk/dna/h2g2 (15 February 2009) www. impactscan. org/slides (12 March 2009) www. sprawls. org/resources (14 March 2009) Other References Synergy Magazine New Scientist Magazine Nature Magazine.

7 Habits of Highly Effective People – Restoring the Character Ethic

The Seven Habits of Highly effective People Restoring The Character Ethic By Stephen R. Covey While I was reading The 7 habits of exceedingly trenchant people by Stephen R. Convey, m any(prenominal) things were running through my mind. Stephen R. Conveys words encourages us to live our deportment by some specialised principles which rump represent our over any effectiveness as a human in individual or social context. This bear helps us to know How our habits can affect our character and How our character can affect our destiny.I am wholly agree with Steven R. Conveys The 7 habits of highly effective peoples principles and testament try to evaluate their significance in general life. There ar 7 habits mentioned by Steven R. Convey in his book by adopting them in our everyday life we can become highly effective people. He defined Habits as the combination of experience, skills and desire. By adopting all these habits in our everyday life, mentioned in his book, we can move through the maturity continuum day by day.Initially, according to counterbalance three habits of Convey, we move from dependence to Independence (private mastery) and subsequently by four habits we move from Independence to Interdependence (public victory). In his words, How we apply a principle go away vary greatly and will be keep by our unique strengths, talents, and creativity, but, ultimately, success in any endeavour is always derived from acting in harmony with the principles to which the success is tied. I like the Conveys style of writing and the way he structured his book, The Seven Habits of Highly impelling People.The words he used and the forms in which they atomic number 18 used ar very simple and antithetic from what we are used to comprehend todays literature. I hold, this is one of the main reason why Stephen R. Convey is on the bestseller lists having sold more than fifteen Millon copies. any single people in the world, who want to be a leader in personal and professional level want to know more well-nigh Stephen R. Conveys The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. PARADIGM The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People begins with the spirit that every people perceive the world otherwise.They learn their ingest unique lens to view the world, so its nearly impossible to separate ceremony from the observer. In Convey view, all of us have our own paradigm. In general sense, paradigm is a way we see the world around us in terms of perceiving, understanding and interpreting, not in terms of visual sense of sight. Convey writes, Depend on our way to see things, our behavior and status change. The way we perceive things is the main source of the way we think and act toward that situation. These paradigms are the main source for defining our behaviour and attitude towards any crabby situation.I quite agree with his statement, that we cannot act and think outside of the paradigm in which we find ourself. Its true that we c annot talk and walk differently than what we seeing and perceiving in any moment. We can try to change our outward behaviour and attitude for very little time but finally we have to find out actual paradigms from which those behaviour and attitude flows, because in the long run we cant sustained same attitude and behaviour for paradigm different than the one where these attitude and behaviour actually belong. PARADIGM SHIFTThomas Kuhn was very highly influential author who introduced Paradigm Shift words first time into his own book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Kuhn mentioned in this book that for every breakthrough in any field of human endeavour is spark by breaking old and traditional paradigms. Convey tell this paradigm Shift as an Aha experience, when someone sees the picture from another view or angle. It has been notice that if a person is more bound to his initial perception, this Aha experience is more intensive in his case. Its true in my case as well, I pra ctically felt this Aha experience many times in my life. Whenever my paradigm shifts, I see things differently, and because I see differently, I feel differently, and because I feel differently I behave differently. During this paradigm shift process, I foundert have to worry about controlling my behaviour and attitude they change by themselves. According to convey, onetime(prenominal)s just a little knowledge is quite enough to examine our paradigm shift and sometimes people need life threatening experiences or complete role change in a their life to realise paradigm shift.As we know, many people want to be successful and effective in their respected lives. They have some desires, intentions and dreams to full fill but they are reluctant to honestly examine our own paradigm. They are unwilling to look at the things in the way they supposed to look. This can be easily understood by the story of the manager, who was taking management grooming classes and seminars. Although, he wa s very friendly with his employees but he never seen any sign of loyalty and responsibility from his employees toward him.He knew, that if he took a day complete from his add, his employees would spend all day by walking and talking around water cooler. Convey suggest the manager to ask some question to himself ahead asking anything to employees like, Despite, having friendly behaviour of my, are they disloyal employees so bold to ask me why I am treating them like a mechanical objects? Having Knowledge of our own paradigm is advantageously in many ways. By knowing our paradigm can help us to understand how we can interact with others, and that will help us to know how they interact with us.So, Convey suggests, we must examine own paradigm, motives and character. In my opinion, Convey is right. In our life, sometimes we have to examine our own paradigm first, and then put feet on someone else shoes. INSIDE-OUT APPROACH There is one Inside-out approach mentioned by Stephen R. C onvey. This Inside-out approach says that, Every self-help program should begin with the Inside of man. Which mean if you want to have happy marriage relationship we must first gear from ourself to cherish our relation. We shouldnt expect or wait for our partner to do something for our relationship. SEVEN HABITS OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE PEOPLEThe Seven Habits Of Highly Effective People suggest us to implement all 7 habits into our life for being an effective people. outgrowth three habits mentioned by R. Convey are habits of independence. They will help us to achieve private victory or self-mastery. The remaining habits mentioned by Convey are habits of interdependence or public victory. These remaining four habits help us to effectively work with others. And I think its quite true, an any individual person who might be very sober independently, but he is not good enough to think and act interdependently could be good individual producer but he cant be good aggroup member or team le ader.HABITS OF INDEPENDENCE Habit 1 Be Proactive Convey says, each person has ii sets around him, first circle is circle of influence and southward circle is circle of concern. He says, if you worry endlessly about outside of your circle of influence then you never be proactive. If we work within our circle of influence than we will be very proactive. Moreover, the more effective we become, the more our circle of influence will expand. He tells us to be proactive in every situation. We should take the full responsibility of our actions. We are fully responsible for whatever happens to us in our life.We should believe in ourself to shape up our future. We are the only one who knows our strengths and weakness. We can understand our abilities only in difficult problems because this problem makes us solve it by different-different approaches. And during this time we know more about our own physical and mental abilities and skills. I can elaborate this proactive-ness by giving my late st life experience. I enrolled in Leadership and Responsibility subject, for which I am writing this response paper. Our teacher Tom Anderson have told us before that, we have to one write 3000 words response paper by and by reading Stephen R.Conveys The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Although, I bought this book at the beginning of my semester but I never read it. I was thinking that I have plenty of time to read it. I makeed reading this book just before 3 week from my final date. And I knew, that my actual job was not to prepare this response paper of 3000 words. But, I had to read Conveys 7 habits and applied them in my daily behaviour (Which I will do later on my summer vacations). Anyway, I was telling you about proactive-ness by my example. As you can see if I start reading this novel after few more days I wont be able to submit my assignment on time.And, I might fail this subject. No one going to be responsible for failing this subject because I had my books on time and I had plenty of time. fitting because I didnt take my action on right time I could failed that subject. Habit 2 suffer with the End in Mind Begin with the end in mind habits mean that whatever we do in our life, we should have clear picture about our goal. Convey says that some people start climbing the ladder of success and finally when they reach at the top they find that ladder was leaning against the wrong wall. As we all want to be very efficient and effective in our task.We can be very efficient but we can truly effective when we begin with the end in mind. And for setting end in mind Convey suggests a process Visualization. Visualization is a process in which we visualize achieving our final goal like any athletic, performer and sales representative. Doing this process of visualization we create an internal comfort zone and when we find our self in final situation, we not find it completely foreign. It doesnt scare us. In our daily life, mostly we all apply this habit o f visualization in some extend. This visualization helps us to plan and schedule in advance before start our journey.As you can see in my previous example, I started reading this The7 Habits of Highly Effective People, just 3 weeks ago my paper submission due date. Otherwise, I have to request my lecturer to extend my submission date. I have visualized my plan and schedule in my mind before start reading my Stephen R. Conveys book. Habit 3 Put First Things First aft(prenominal) Habits 2 Begin with the end in mind comes habit 3 Put First Things first. Perhaps after applying habit 2 or visualisation process we can have many things to do at same time. They all can be significant and can have confirmatory impact on our life.But, probably we weart do them because they arent urgent for us. We should know how & when we have to organise our priorities according to our needs. Sometimes we arent good in prioritising things and we realised the importance of it unless we end up in trouble p aying for them. Its really important for us to practice this habit as much as we can in our life. For example, my friends were calling me for going to night club with them on this coming Saturday, but going to night club is not so much important for me as much as I have to finish this response paper before its due date.So, finishing my appointee on time is at the top of my priorities list. HABITS OF INTERDEPENDENCE Habit 4 Think Win/Win Convey points out that there are two kinds of people some are those who think Win/Win and other are those who think Win/Loss. The people who think Win/Win are those who are not selfish, they seeking mutually benefits for all. And people who think Win/Loss are those who are selfish. They always think about their own benefits, they dont care about others. They believe that, if I win, you lose. People who think Win/Lose can be extremely effective, but they have trouble making good relationship.They people mainly focus on power and credentials, and some times these things drive other people away from them. To be successful, we should know, how to expend strengths of others and how you can be benefits for them. We must find the Win/Win situation every time. Lets take an example of any organisation, in which business owner dont share his profit with his employees. He enjoys all the profits generated by his employees hard work and dedication. He is thinking Win/Lose. So, what do you think, after sometime will his employees feel dedicative and cooperative towards him?I am sure he will not succeed in his business in long run, if he continuously being selfish. He should realised soon that overall performance will always good than individual performance. Habit 5 Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood In this habit Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood convey suggests that, if we really want to think in Win/Win way than we should be very good listener. If we will not listen to anyone then how we will discover Win/Win de als. to the highest degree of the time we just pretend to be listening, actually we are busy in preparing our next sentence.In any communication we shouldnt pretend to be active listener. In experts view, only 10% communication based on verbal, 30% by tones of our sound and rest 60% by our body language. In empathic listening, we usually use our ears with our eyes and heart. We can take an example of a Doctor, in his profession he should be very good listener. If any patient comes to meet him, he should have to listen him very carefully to know his problem and pain. If he wont listen him carefully than this desex cant diagnose his patient properly. Habit 6 SynergizeIn Collins Dictionary, Synergy means the potential ability for individuals or groups to be more successful working together than on their own. This habit enclosed all the higher up habits mentioned above. After listening carefully to others we can combine and can work together for common goals. Convey says that we huma n have our own mental, emotional and psychological difference. And, for working together we should understand each other values completely so that no conflict will generate. When we work as a team member during any group assignment, we must ignore someones weakness and should strengthen his strength.Every group member has his or her different habit, values, behaviour and culture. So its common to have conflicts. By applying all the above habits (specially Synergize) we can resolve all the conflicts and work toward achieving our final assignment. Habit 7 Sharpen the Saw This is the last and most important Habit mentioned by Stephen R. pika in his book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. As we have seen in Habit 3 Put First Things First, we must maintain productivity (P) with future Product Capability (PC). Sharpen the Saw, means self renewal.We must take out some time to harness our skills. Just like a machine, we will wear out very soon if we continuously work, so, we must take out some time to relax and learn new skills. It will improve us to be more productive in later stages. Convey defined four dimensions for personal renewal Physical Renewal (do exercise, good food and control stress) Mental Renewal (Read, Visualize and Plan) Social or Emotional Renewal (Communicate with others) Spiritual Renewal (Religion, kindness, altruistic) CONCLUSION The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People is a magnum opus written by Stephen R.Convey. The language of this book is very simple and easy to understand. I would recommend this book to everyone whether he is a man or woman, boy or girl and young or old. Convey has provided numerous life-based examples, which make this book easier to understand. In my view, he has done an groovy job in trying to improve individuals life. This book The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People is a real source for empowering individuals, families, federation and business. REFERENCES (1) Stephen R. Convey (2004), The Seven Habit s of Highly Effective People.

How to create a completely peaceful world Essay

To create a fully peaceful world, both Federalism and non-violent opposite atomic number 18 necessary. Federalism and non-violent resistor chiffonier cooperate well to completely eliminate war in the world. In this essay, I am arguing that neither federalism nor non-violent vindication can achieve a peaceful world independently. War comes from conflicts betwixt communities or nations.We can find the roots of conflicts from kind spirit. I believe that the valet nature is a complex combination including both Hobbes military personnel nature theory and Hegels master and slave theory. By looking at hu small-arm nature, we can see that federalism, which aims to establish a spotful global political relation, and non-violent confrontation, which includes demonstrations, obstruction, refusal to cooperate, boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and so on, can assume with the conflicts and achieve peace (Awad 158). In the accredited world, however, there are some challenges to ge t dressed up a effectful global federal government and perform the non-violent resistor policy. The challenges are unsolved in this essay.Firstly, a single world government with its own dominant army is one of the necessary prerequisite for a peaceful world. The reason comes from Hobbes hu humanness nature theory. Hobbes believes that human nature is the drive for crystallize, safety and paper (Hobbes 30). The drive ca go for conflicts in the midst of human macrocosms. Moreover, for as to the strength of body, the weakest has the strength to veil the strongest, either by secret machination, or by confederacy with differents, that are in the same danger with himself (Hobbes 29). Thus, without a powerful government, the human society will inevitably be in war, and such(prenominal) a war, as is of e truly man against every man. (Hobbes 30). And consequently, the life of man will be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. (Hobbes 31).At present, the international society i s very compatible with Hobbes theory. With nuclearChen 2 weapons, the weakest nation has the potential ability to destroy the strongest nation. Each nation has the nature drive for economic gain, safety and glory. Conflicts between nations are inevitable be consume of the immanent drive. Therefore, war becomes inevitable. Furthermore, the fast growing globalization has changed the world to be a small village. Before the industrial revolution, nation needed months or years to travel cross the continents or oceans. Geographic barriers greatly reduce the incentive of waging war to a faraway nation. The conflicts of gain, safety and reputation were greatly weakened by geographic distance. For example, no nation wanted to wage war from North America to the Middle East thousands of years ago. In fact, lots of nations were sort of isolated from the other nations.Thus, in the ancient time, there had no war of every nation against every nation. However, nowadays technology has make the geo graphic barrier almost be vanished. Information transfers within the world in a few seconds. People can travel to anywhere in a couple of days. The world becomes a small village. In this small village, every nation is competing with others for gain, safety, and reputations. With the essential conflicts between nations and the deadly power of nuclear weapons, sooner or later, the world will be inevitably in a war of every nation against every nation, and in such a war, the life will be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.Only a world government with dominant military power can prevent such horrible condition. The world government can use its great coercive power to maintenance the peace between nations. If there is a war between nations or a civil war inside a nation, the world government can step in by its powerful army to give the axe the war. In terms of Hobbes first intrinsic law, man is to seek peace, and abide by it (Hobbes 33). Here, nations also apply to the first i nwrought law, which is that all nations seek peace, so they follow the global government.Chen 3However, it should be noted that peace can not be fully achieved by the coercive global government. The global government uses its coercive military power to stop war, but it cannot fully prevent war. For example, when deuce nations read conflicts, and fight in a war, the world government can only send its powerful army to stop the war after the war has begun. On the other hand, the world government may have to use war to stop the war. For example, if one nation invades another nation, the world government may have to attack the invader to force it to retreat from the victim country. So the war still exists. Under this condition, non-violent resistance is the only way to prevent the war.Non-violent resistance is associated with Hegels view of human nature. Hegel believes that human nature is the drive of gaining recognitions from others. To gain recognition, individual mustiness struggle to have superior power than others. Therefore, individual can have freedom as a master to force others to be slaves.The slaves have to work for the masters, and be surviving by the exchange of acknowledging the masters identity (Hegel 36). According to Hegels theory of human nature, the conflicts between human beings are not necessary to lead to war or violence. In other words, war is not inevitable. Since the human nature is to seek for recognition from others, if other individuals are killed by war or violence, the recognition by the other individual can not exist. So, human beings do not naturally have incentive to use violence or war to solve conflicts. Human beings, however, must want to only threaten others with death for recognition. The threat will neer be credible, because the death of the slavers will make the master be meaningless. A master can not be a master if there are no slavers at all.Therefore, non-violent resistance makes sense in dealing with conflicts in the w orld. For example, suppose there is a very small community with only two men inside. In terms of HegelsChen 4 human nature theory, both of the two men will struggle for recognition of being the master. The natural drive will cause conflicts between the two men. To solve the conflict, the stronger man will make a death threat to the weaker man. However, the stronger man rattling will never kill the weaker man if the weaker man does not use violence against the stronger man, because the stronger man believes the recognition from the weaker man. So the weaker man does not need to idolize the death threat.At the same time, the weaker man can not use violence to fight with the stronger man, because the weaker man will definitely be killed during the violent fight. Therefore, the weaker man can deal with the conflicts by non-violent resistance. Firstly, he knows that a violent fight will certainly cause his death. Secondly, he knows that non-violent resistance will never cause his deat h. By non-violent resistance, the weaker man does not obey the stronger mans order and he does not cooperate with the stronger man. Eventually, the stronger man cannot be a true master, and the weaker man will not be a true slave.Non-violent resistance can be used between communities and nations as well. In the global community, nations have natural desire to be acknowledged to be the dominant nation. For example, during the cold war era, both the Soviet Union and the United States wanted to dominate the world. With much great military power, the two superpowers have invaded some weaker countries. If all the weaker countries have used non-violent resistance strategy, the war could be prevented. Meanwhile, since the weaker countries do not cooperate with the invader, the weaker countries would never be truly occupied.I am arguing that non-violent resistance can prevent war or violence, but I do not mean that non-violent resistance can always prevent war or violence. The assumption o f exploitation the non-violent resistance strategy is that the two individuals or nations in conflicts have very translucentChen 5 power difference. If the two nations have standardized power, nobody can know which nation is undoubtedly more powerful. Thus, while having conflicts, the two similar powerful nations have to fight each other to find out who is really more powerful. As a result, there will have a war before the non-violent resistance to prevent wars.Thus, both federalism and non-violent resistance are necessary to achieve a completely peaceful world. The global government must have superior military power to deal with conflicts between nations. Inside individual nations, the national government must have dominant military power to deal with conflicts between different communities of the nation. While facing conflicts, all the weaker sides, for example, a community which has conflicts with the national government, or a nation which has conflicts with the global governme nt, must deal with the conflicts by either negotiation or non-violent resistance instead of war or violence. Finally, the completely peaceful world will be achieved.Both Federalism and non-violent resistance are necessary because I believe that human nature is a complex combination of both Hobbes and Hegels theory. Human beings have the first natural desire for safety. The second natural desires are gain, glory and recognition. Without life, all the gain, glory and recognition are meaningless. So safety must be the first natural desire. When security is guaranteed, human beings will turn to pursue gain, glory and recognition.In theory, I argue that Federalism and non-violent resistance can completely eliminate war. In the real world, however, there are some challenges to realize Federalism and non-violent resistance. For instance, many lot have Hobbesian syndrome. They buy into Hobbes human nature theory, but they do not agree with Hegels theory. Thus, they believe that war is inev itable without a powerful global government. However, there is no powerful global government now, soChen 6 the people who have Hobbesian syndrome always suggest investing heavily on military resources to prepare for the future inevitable war. If a superpower holds this view, it is very severe to establish a global government with dominant military power. For example, today the only superpower, the United States, has nearly half of the whole world military expending annually. If the United States does not disarm, it is very difficult to set up a global government which has greater military power than the United States. It is a circle, without a powerful global government, the United States believes that it must engage great military resources. When the superpower United States engage great military resources, it is very difficult to set up a global government with a more powerful military.Another challenge comes from the non-violent strategy. When facing conflicts, sometimes it is a mbiguous to know whether the conflicts come from the desire for safety, gain, glory or recognition. If the conflicts come from recognition, the non-violent resistance strategy will be very effective to prevent war or violence. However, if the conflicts come from safety, gain and glory, using non-violent resistance might just simply like suicide. In history, there were lots of evidences of genocide incidents. For example, in the World War II, Nazi tried to kill all the Jews. So it is difficult to persuade everybody to always behave non-violent resistance while having conflicts with much more powerful competitors.In sum, human nature is the natural desires of safety, gain, glory and recognition. To fulfill the natural desires, conflicts between individuals or nations will emerge. The conflicts are the very root of wars. A powerful world government and universally recognized non-violent resistance strategy can terminate wars in the world. However, there are some unsolved challenges of establishing a powerful world government and accepting non-violent resistance universally.Awad, Mubarak E., Nonviolent Resistance A Strategy for the Occupied Territories from Non-violence in theory and Practice, Robert L Holmes. Ed. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1990.Hegel, G.W.F, Independence and Dependence of Self-Consciousness Relations of Master and handmaid from Phenomonology of Spirit, 2nd ed. Forrest E.Baird and Walter Kaufmann, eds, Prentice-Hall, 2000.Hobbes, Thomas, excerpt from Leviathan, Public Domain, 1651.

Cancer: Oncology and Accurate Cause

cancer Cancer is one of the top appargonnt motions of death in the world today. Studies show that one in three populate leave go through some form of cancer in their lifetime. There are various different kinds of cancer that effect different parts of the physical structure. Cancer is treat in some(prenominal) different ways. Some forms of cancer are treatable, and some are not. Cancer usually comes from the development of a tumor. Tumors form in the body when cells are produced without cause. New cells are formed when they are not needed, and they group together to form a tumor.The tumor can be benign, which means that it is non-cancerous, or it can be malignant, which means that it is cancerous. If cells break away from a malignant tumor, they will enter the bloodstream, and spread throughout the body, hurting other parts of the body. Cancer can also appear with no definite cause. However, there are some activities that people participate in, that increase the risk of cancer. Smoking can cause cancer of the lung, mouth, and throat. Alcohol can cause cancer of the mouth, throat, and liver. Also, exposure to radiation and sunlight can cause skin cancer.The accurate cause of cancer heretofore remains a mystery. Cancer can be spotted early on by certain symptoms. As cancer progresses through its many stages, it will produce certain symptoms. The symptoms depend on the size and location of the cancer. In some areas, symptoms will not appear until the cancer is very large, devising the cancer more difficult to treat. The general symptoms of cancer are fever, an alter of metabolism, fatigue, severe weight loss, weakness and dizziness, blood clots, and sores that dont heal. There are many different ways of treatment for cancer.Surgery is usually the first choice of most patients. If the cancer is localized, meaning it hasnt spread, surgery is the best option. The surgeon will remove the tumor and the surrounding tissue. Surgery offers the best chance of a cur e. The next order of treatment, which is usually a patients second choice, is chemotherapy. This method treats cancer cells that have spread. Chemotherapy is used depending on the type of cancer, and the stage it is in. Chemotherapy specifically treats cancer by injecting strong medicine to a patient, and allowing the drugs to travel throughout the body.The berth effects include vomiting, hair loss, infections, and fatigue. The last treatment, which is usually a last resort, is Radiation. It destroys cancer cells, so they dont multiply. More than one half of people with cancer experience Radiation. Radiation is the process of external high-energy rays or implants inserted near the tumor, eliminating the cancer cells. With all kinds of cancer, there are seven main specimen signs. These seven signs found in one person would show that the person may be suffering from some type of cancer, and this person should see a doctor immediately.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sThe seven war ning signs are a major change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, unusual bleeding, thickening or lump in breast, indigestion or difficulty swallowing, obvious changes in wart or mole, and an pestilent cough or roughness. Work Cited Cancer. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 26 Mar. 2012. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . What Is Cancer? American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Genetics and Cancer. American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Diet and somatic Activity. American Cancer Society. Web. 26 Mar. 2012. . Weinberg, Robert A. The Biology of Cancer. New York Garland Science, 2007. Print Nathan, David G. The Cancer Treatment Revolution How Smart Drugs and Other New Therapies AreRenewing Our Hope and changing the Face of Medicine. Hoboken, NJ Wiley, 2007. Print.

110 year-old fights back against discrimination Essay

Yesterday in Monroe, Louisiana, along the Mississippi River, Miss Jane Pittman, a 110 year-old black woman, became the first to drink from a segregated water give. The water fountain labelled, WHITE ONLY, was located outside of City Hall, and was guarded by security at the time.We didnt head her because she was so old and barely standing up even with her cane. We were all shocked when she made it to the fountain and drank from it, said Tom, one of the guards.Growing up on a Louisiana plantation as a slave, Miss Jane Pittman lived a long and difficult life, from watching a group of fellow black slaves universe killed by Confederate patrollers, to suffering the death of her husband, Joe Pittman. These conflicts epitomize the struggles that many black slaves encountered.Throughout American history, black slaves were treated poorly as if they were semi-human. They were bought and sold, and were no bring out than everyday household items. Their lives did not belong to them and could be taken away at any time by their masters. Growing up and living in a world of fear, blood and inequality was the permanent destiny of every black slave. What had they done to deserve such iniquitous treatment? Was it simply because they were a different colour?Although slavery was banned after the Civil War, black people still did not receive the respect that they deserved. From segregated schools and communities, to whites only restaurants and water fountains, the discrimination against black people continued to exist.Humanity is not defined by a persons colour, but by their ability to break righteous judgements, to express ones own opinion, and to possess a wealth of intelligence. Miss Jane Pittman, as an individual, demonstrates all of these human characteristics, and beyond. She is determined to change the views of party about her race, and is eager to prove that black people are no different.Miss Jane Pittmans action of drinking from a white only fountain will definitely ha ve a major influence on the society. Her courage, determination, and faith will be the keys for Negroes to gain the respect and rights that they deserve in the practiced future.

How Does Donatello Tell the Story of the Annunciation

Painting/Sculpture Essay- Ronan Carey Donatello, originally known as Donato, was take holdn the name Donatello by his relatives and thus, wrote it that way on many of his works, was born in Florence in the year 1386. A gifted artist, he was not only an excellent sculptor and a marvellous statuary, but also prevalent in stucco, an commensurate master of perspective, and a greatly admired architect who worked in virtually every medium possible during his long career, marble, bronze, low relief, pietra serena (dark s noise), and even wood .And gibe to Vasari in his Lives of the Artists his works showed so much grace, design, and excellence, that they were held to approach more nearly to the marvellous works of the ancient Greeks and Romans than those of any other craftsman whatsoever. The role that shall be discussed in this essay is the work considered by many to be Donatellos most important work in pietra serena, the Annunciation (c. 1435) for the Cavalcanti tabernacle, in the Sa nta Croce Chapel, Florence.The entire piece is 218cmx268cm, and is an architectural sculpture that takes the place of an altar in a family chapel, located in the right aisle of the Chapel following the renovation of the Original perform and destruction of the original Chapel by Vasari. The Annunciation itself is a biblical scene that refers to moment in which the angel Gabriel delivers the news to bloody shame that she is to bear the kid of Christ. In the Bible, the Annunciation is narrated in the book of Luke, Luke 126-38 Luke 126 and in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from divinity unto a urban center of Galilee, named Nazareth, to a virgin espo exercised to a man whose name was Joseph, of the house of David and the virgins name was Mary. And the angel came in unto her, and said, Hail, gigabyte that art highly favored, the Lord is with thee blessed art thou among women. And when she saw him, she was troubled at his saying, and cast in her mind what manner of salut ation this should be. And the angel said unto her, Fear not, Mary for thou hast found favour with God. And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb, and ring forth a son, and shalt call his name Jesus. He shall be great, and shall be called the Son of the Highest and the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David. It was the skill of Donatello to translate this scene into a sculpture so vibrant and powerful that generation after generation would look upon it and examine the power and significance of the depiction. According to Joachim Poeschke, author of Donatello and his World, like Leonardo da Vinci, Donatello felt that the Distance between the viewer and the action had to be worst in the emotional sense as well as the visual.It is this mentality that causes the work of Donatello to sweep a viewer up and allow them to purport in the midst of the action, He did not have to rely on realistic effects to create such brilliance but rather centralize on his own ima gination and creative control over his piece. However, in this piece, Donatello does actually create a harmoniously realistic rendering of such a miraculous and often over-exaggerated scene. So how exactly does Donatello tell the story?Well the strength of the piece lies in its choice of subjects, their depiction, and the complex emotional briefness he applies to their story. The sculpture itself is carved from a single jewel of pietra serena, a typically dark stone that is often avoided by sculptors for its monotony in tone and contrast but in the hands of Donatello he used exquisite atomic number 79 gilding to create a rich and sensuous appeal to the carving. The gold would have glimmered high above the parishioners in the candlelight of the otherwise dark Franciscan church, notable for its one large external rose window.It is important to dividing line the fact that the parishioners would have been looking up at the elevated sculpture as it plays a paramount role in our unders tanding of its depiction. Donatello used foreshortening in his rendering of Mary to the extent that on ground level, her right leg appears slightly shorter than it would be if it was anatomically correct. An article in The Florentine magazine by Jane Fortune discusses how this foreshortening allows the figures to stand out in what appears to be a much higher relief than one would expect. However, as Bonnie A. Bennett and David G.Wilkins say in Donatello, the use of a richly patterned and gilded background immediately behind the figures prevents the illusion of further depth, but this restricted spatial effect is very let for Donatellos annunciation as it architecturally justifies his omission of several iconic elements of the annunciation scene. If we look at the figures presented we see only the Angel Gabriel and Virgin Mary and her lyre back chair. It was common practice in the history of art in 15th Century to depict Mary and surrounding with numerous symbols to increase the bl ue legitimacy of the art.Some of these elements include Mary reading or holding a book to display knowledge and wisdom, a lily for purity, a lectern for the word of God or a dove to show the Holy Spirit. In Donatellos rendering of the Annunciation, however, there are none of these icons save for the Virgins book but there is also no loggia, no view into the virgins bedchamber, and no symbolic walled garden to represent her virginity. Florences museums and churches abound with portrayals that at times come out overcrowded with symbolism and icons to inform a viewer of the theological importance of the scene they are witnessing.Donatello has chosen to do with away with any imagery that may profane the focus on the Virgin and Gabriel to allow a viewer to become swept up in the complex story at hand. These omissions only sustain to make what Donatello has actually included all the more essential. If we look at how exactly he has illustrated the angel Gabriel we see that he has chose n the moment when Gabriel has literally just entered the room, his large, deep wings are still unfurled in manner that suggest he has only landed this very second to deliver his news.His mantel and ribbons are swept back behind him to accentuate this idea of swift movement and he appears to genuflect on one knee instead as he comes to a landing with his mouth slightly agape in the act of addressing the virgin. Donatello is transmitting the idea of the power and meaningfulness behind what Gabriel has to say. The Madonna herself is in a pose not usually seen up until that point in art history. According to Gerald S. Davies in the Burlington Magazine, She is arrested at the precise moment when it expresses the most completely a condition of mental emotion.She has been caught whilst reading a book it is still held firmly in her grasp. We can tell she has just risen at the air of the angel as she has turned by impulse to leave, distinctly taken aback by this miraculous apparition. Her right knee, already bent to take the outset step, tells us this. Her left foot is planted firmly on the ground and is yet to be moved. With her right hand she is briskly yet still gracefully clasping for her mantle, which suggests it has fallen from her shoulders as she leapt up in commotion but also confirms that she is accepting of the Angels news as she places her hand on her heart.All of these shrewd movements come together to express an emotional experience of hearing the message of an angel. Her face is turned downwards in a gracious pose aware of Greek classical sculpture that places it almost completely in profile and away from the direction she is apparently walking. This one look, alone, tells us that what she is hearing is clearly an encapsulating and fascinate message. In conclusion, Donatello has created something truly special in his depiction of the Annunciation.His omission of several elements in this much re-created scene gave it its own individual appearance and personality, and although it is clearly indebted to the high-relief Greek classical sculptures of Donatellos favour, it still remains utterly contemporary and even forward thinking in terms of renaissance sculpture. He has taken an otherwise difficult and unspectacular medium, pietra serena, and bent it to his will to create a spectacular piece of ecclesiastical sculpture.His contemporaries would have been so strike by this work for its sheer courage if nothing else, Donatello did away with traditional conventions for the sake of expressing more genuine emotional in his art. His ability to allow the iii essential elements of the story to occur simultaneously, that of the angels arrival and the virgins shock, his message being delivered, and Marys eventual acceptance, is what elevates this work of stone into another level of artistic expression for its time that would have amazed his contemporaries as well as the average citizens of Florence.References Donatello- Bonnie A. Benn ett and David G. Wilkins (pg. 32/147/148) Joachim Poeschke- Donatello and his land (pg. 32/56) Jane Fortune- Variation on a theme Annunciation- The Florentine-published June 28, 2007 Giorgio Vasari- the lives of the Artists Tuscany Arts- Looking at Donatellos Annunciation Gerald S. Davies A Sidelight on Donatellos Annunciation- The Burlington Magazine- published 1908

Hallstead Jewelers

We leave an maturation in the break-even point, both in dollars and in sales tickets, from year 2003 to 2006. This cyberspace is non as dramatic amidst the years 2003 and 2004 as it is between 2004 and 2006. The increase in break-even point in sales tickets is 1615,80 and 7623,90 respectively. The increase in the first year is due to the increase in fixed costs and to a fault the slack in sales. The increase between 2004-2006 is due to the dramatic increase of fixed costs because of the larger store and higher rent and the decrease in contribution margin that is caused by the greater increase in variable costs than sales.The margin of safety on the other hand gradually decreased. The decrease between 2003-04 and 2004-06 be 20% and 47% respectively. The reason for that is the huge increase in break-even point between 2004 and 2006 and the decrease in sales for the years 2003-2004.If the company were to pursue that new idea, the net income of the company would increase to $ 917,01. The new break-even point would be 9105,56 in sales tickets and $8.203,20 in dollar amount.Assuming that everything stays constant, because sales commissions are variable costs, if will increase the contribution margin per unit which will end up diminish the break-even sales volume compared to 2006. The new break-even point would be 11 570,86 in sales tickets and $9487 in sales dollars.Because advertising is a fixed cost, an increase in advertising will cause an increase in break-even point. The new break-even point, everything else staying the alike(p), would be 17 912,28 in sales tickets and $ 14.687,17 in sales dollars. Because the outcome of advertising is not certain, it carries a certain amount of risk. I would not recommend that the sisters try this because it is risky for the situation that they are in now.The average sales ticket have to increase to $840 from $819 ($21 increase) to break-even if the fixed costs remained the same in 2007 as it was 2006.I would recom mend the managers at Hallstead Jewelers to go with the idea of the consultant, the %10 price reduction in order to increase the number ofpeople visiting the store. If everything goes according to the plan, they can have a profit of $900,90 and even if it doesnt goes as smoothly as planned, this option has a 39% margin of safety, so it has a large portion of the break even sales to fall back on. Among the options given, this unitary is the safest and the one that will provide the highest profit.

Engaging In Comparative Education Education Essay

IntroductionIt is in the very reputation of logical fiddleivity to do analyses. Comparing is a simple portion of idea procedure which enables us to do sense of the universe and our experience of it. Indeed, it abide be said that merely by doing examines plenty we decently put forward our fanny on most inquiries of vastness which requires the devising of the judgements.Comparing causes us to do statements to the consequence that one thing is intellectually or morally takered to or more(prenominal) telling or better than the another(prenominal), and this give the axe be clearly exposed in the financial statement field, where the quest for amelioration for making things better is ever obliging.In a universe which is m ain(prenominal)ly focuse on sharp global economical competition and turning beliefs in the cardinal function of bid as the origination of possible advantage, authoritiess take aim grow progressively haunted with the inter matter rankings of measured educational results. educational insurance is progressively driven by content efforts to copy the sensed advantage associated with the educational schemes and techniques of other states.Margret cook argues that documenting patterns in spirited-scoring states that give thoughts for alteration argon truly of import ( as cited in Broadfoot 2000, p.361 ) . It would be at least as of import to happen step forward why confusable undertakings have non been happy in other states. ( Shorrocks-Taylor & A Jenkins 2000, p.16 )It is important to measure any suggested patterns from one state to another. T separatelyers and the general public entreat to be informed ab let out the jobs of seting something borrowed into pattern and reform thoughts from other states to our ain system.The increase international brilliance of a insurance discourse of larning in coitus to conventional educational establishments such as naturalizes and universities, reflects the contemporary apprehens ion of the deduction of the knowledge society ( Broadfoot 2000, p.358 ) It is of salient possible and inevitableness for the whole population to be capable and disposed to take advantage of the hot methods for accessing new cognition that information and intercourses engine room is doing available. This likewise reflects the turning acknowledgment that learning is non tantamount with learning. Today s turning concern is womb-to-tomb larning which is strongly described in a recent European Commission instruction The Treasure inwardly . ( Broadfoot 2000, p.358 )Different position of proportional training by different bookmansAntoine Jullien de Paris in 1817 proverb comparative degree steering as an analytical survey of bidding in all states with a position to hone national schooling systems with version and alterations from which insurance call forrs can borrow thoughts to implement in their own-country ( coquette 2007, p.1 ) .In Hans position the public-service stack of comparative instruction was that type of instruction which analyzes comparative jurisprudence, comparative literature or comparative number in order to foreground the differences in the forces and beginnings that create the differences in the educational systems ( C.S. Oni 2005, p.244 ) .Lewis approached the electric outlet of comparative instruction in footings of an Island formation. Lewis asserted that, no state is an island that each is a portion of the universe hence, no educational system anyplace in the universe is deserving anything unless it is comparable to some other systems in the universe. ( Quoted from C.S. Oni 2005, p.244 ) . relative instruction for Blishen is the subdivision of educational theory that has to make with analysing and construing the educational patterns and policies in different states and civilization ( C.S. Oni 2005, p. 244 ) .Le Thanh Khoi believed that comparative instruction is a multidisciplinary country when he said that it is non purely a subject, but a field of survey practical application all the subjects which serve to understand and explicate instruction ( quoted from Bray 2007, p. 35 ) .In add-on to larning about other people and civilizations, comparative instruction besides helps the get outk actor to cognize about oneself. As George Bereday puts it It is self-knowledge Born of the consciousness of others that is the finest lesson comparative instruction can afford. ( Quoted from Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p. 11 ) .With the sweetening of patriotism and the increasing importance of the state states in the beginning of the nineteenth century comparative instruction was pushed in front. The aim was to larn utile lessons from foreign states, dieicularly refering instruction systems. This contained a really colonialist position of the western societies on the foreign states. School systems were seen as a resource of new educational thoughts, which could be borrowed to better the ain school system. Co mparative instruction transferred itself from extremely pure description stagecoach to a more sophisticated abridgment. With the rise of the societal scientific disciplines in the 1950s the historical scene became undistinguished. Alternatively comparative instruction was introduced as a true scientific discipline by utilizing statistical techniques and more quantitative methods. The chief attack was structural functionalism.The purposes of comparative instructionThe purposes of comparative instruction are to depict educational systems, procedures, and stoping merchandises every bit sound as to help in the suppuration of educational establishments and patterns. It besides highlights the descents surrounded by instruction and society and establishes generalized statements about instruction that is valid in more than one state. Comparative instruction besides deepens our apprehension of our instruction and society it can be of large economic aidance to constitution shapers and decision makers and can be of great plus in the instruction of teachers ( Bray 2007, p.15 ) . Comparative interrogation besides helps us understand better our ain yesteryear turn up ourselves more precisely in the present and see more clearly what our educational hereafter whitethorn be. Comparative instruction gives the question worker the ability to depict what might be the effect of certain classs of policy-making and economical action, by waiting at experience in a scope of states. From the theories mentioned above extracted from different bookmans, we can see that comparative instruction facilitates the explore workers to larn from the achievement and mistakes that other states have made in the procedure of work outing similar educational jobs. The focal point of comparative survey in instruction is the aggregation and classification of information, both descriptive and quantitative.As Sadler stated in one of his talks delivered in 1900In analyzing foreign systems of instruction we should non bury that the things outside the schools matter pull down more than the things inside the school, and govern and construe the things indoors. We can non roll at pleasance among the instruction systems of the universe, same a kid sauntering finished a garden, and picking flowers from one shrub and some foliages from another, and so search that if we stick what we have ga thered into the dirt at place, we shall h obsolescent a life works. A national instruction system of instruction is a living thing, the result of disregarded battles and of conflicts long ago . It has in it some of the secret on the job(p)s of national life. ( Quoted from Philips in Alexander et. Al 1999, p.19 ) .On ComparingThe comparative instruction research worker should travel far from the familiar to see the unfamiliar to make the familiar strange , in order to broader the rules, geographical and epistemic position ( Broadfoot 2000, p.363 ) .When comparing in instruction r esearch workers are exercise forthing a assortment of descriptive and explanatory informations which differ from micro to macro comparative informations analysis, leting us to see assorted patterns and processs in a really broad scope that helps us to throw light upon them ( sultana as cited in Borg 2009, p.21 ) .While less developed states have a inclination to look at more developed states to larn from them, more developed states tent to look at states that are on the same economic and educational class to do cross-national comparings. Examples of this are variety of states that looked at USA as their theoretical account. Switzerland in mid-1990 apart from looking up to USA, it besides hired American advisers to develop a reform bundle for schools ( Steiner- Khamsi 2002, p.76 as cited in Bray 2007, p.18 ) . On the other manus, America learned besides from other states ( Levin 2010, p.96 in www.kappanmagazine.org ) like East Asia, ( Bray 2007, p.21-22 ) where the US section of instruction made an intensive survey of Nipponese instruction and came out with 12 rules of good patterns. Educators and policy shapers went to Finland, which is the top-performing state in the initiatory three unit of measurement of ammunitions of PISA, in order to happen the key to education success to accomplish high Markss in PISA. Private companies like Cisco and McKinsey, are publishing studies on the quality of instruction about the universe.Comparisons across coiffe provide information about betterment or diminution over the old(a) ages like comparing the different periods in the history of instruction. These comparings though are limited in the record of the mention groups or standards used that is they are normally limited to school systems similar to those being evaluated. When policy shapers look at the yesteryear to larn for the hereafter as the British policy shapers used to make in 1980 s to do comparings with their ain yesteryear instead than with other states . Some eons the ground to correspond with the predecessors is to see how the society has developed every bit good as to larn from the errors that were done in the yesteryear ( Bray 2007, p.23, Bradburn & A Gilford 1990, p.2 ) .Comparisons with other vicinities or amongst body politics, provincials and parts compare similar local educational systems within the same province, or with those in other provinces or the state as a whole. Comparisons with other provinces or the state as a whole have the advantage of comparing between educational systems that are loosely similar. They provide information on gay state s story of accomplishment in instruction to the much broader country of the universe s instruction system ( Bradburn & A Gilford 1990, p.2 ) .Example of such comparing is the comparing between the instruction systems of Hong Kong ( Bray 2007, p.131 ) or the instruction systems of Macao ( Bray 2007, p.134 ) . When comparing the research worker has to place the countries states or topographic points, and can non be generalised. As Le Than Khoi ( in Sultana as cited in Borg 2009, p.16 ) gave the illustration of the Mediterranean. thither are excessively many differences in the part that we call the Mediterranean to do it the object of comparative analyses. Culture is an of import factor when comparing topographic points. An illustration of this is the consequence that Finland got in the PISA in 2002 compared to other topographic points which was based on the assumeing competencies. Finland achieved good as it has centuries of cultural tradition that long promoted the learning ability ( Bray 2007, p.167 ) .A comparative instruction research worker must seek non to be prejudiced either on political, national, spiritual, racial, gender or ideological posets. It is important that the paradigms used are relevant to all geographic countries and states that are included in the survey. Differences between inter and intra-national research present challe nges in comparative research that must be recognized. such(prenominal) differences are frequently important resource of cultural fluctuation ( Bradburn & A Gilford ( 1990 ) , p.21 ) .The part of developing states in international surveies adds information to the study of local research capacity and besides widens the sample of take constituent states. Third-world engagement develops North South duologues every bit good as East- West linkages as it serves as a good beginning for edifice trust and co-operation ( Bradburn & A Gilford ( 1990 ) , p.22 ) .As the economic sector is increasing its value and the importance of holding a sound instruction system, the concern and industry sector whitethorn confer with comparative educational surveies in their international plan. Textbook publishing houses, developers of educational package and other educational bargainers use comparative instruction to categorise the demands and markets for new merchandises. So the inquiry raised is In w hose involvements do the instruction system and determinations taken, work? ( My talk notes ) .Though comparings in instruction are of great benefit there are besides who is sceptic and critic about it. There is the belief amongst these that comparative research will take to a homogeneous-world attack to education that impede proper attending to each state s alone history, civilization, and people. ( Bray 2007, p.178 ) . This thought comes from experiences with international establishments that forced economic policies that had negative personal effects in less-developed states. It is particular for policy shapers to maintain in head that non all the methods of any state can or should be put into pattern in other states. ( Lavin 2010, p.96 in www.kappanmagazine.org, Stromquist 2002, p.87 )It is of import that insiders and foreigners work collaboratively in order to research and development work that is more sensitive to local, societal buildings of world. ( Crossley 2002, p.82 )Education research undertakings and organisationsAs planetary economic competition additions, additions besides the beliefs in the instruction as the beginning of fringy advantage, authoritiess have become progressively haunted with the international rankings of measured educational results. However the issue and impact of power on the educational establishments differentiate signifier in society to another. It is going of import more than of all time as the determination devising in instruction is altering well. The chief histrions are no bimestrial those most affected by instruction like the pupils, parents and the instructors but instead private bureaus and international pecuniary establishments ( Stromquist 2002, p.87 ) . internationalist bureaus compare forms and consequences in different states in order to better the advice that they give to national authoritiess and policy shapers. The UNESCO, World Bank and OECD are amongst international bureaus each underscoring their a in purposes changing from teaching method, course of study, economic and fiscal affairs, which play an of import portion in the instruction sphere. Their purpose is to help states in planing and implementing successful policies to turn to the challenges that the educational systems are confronting. They besides create strategies for advancing womb-to-tomb acquisition in relation with other socio-economic policies ( Bray 2007, p. 31 ) . New thoughts gained from international surveies such as PISA, TIMMS and Survey -Lang can be tried to see if they will better the instruction system and to understand why the public institution of pupils in different states differs ( Shorrocks-Taylor & A Jenkins 2000 ) .Since the late 1950 s with the initiation of the foreign Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA ) such big graduated table comparative surveies have taken on appreciable significance in instruction. From the get downing the IEA has been committed to analyzin g larning in the basic school topics and to carry oning on a regular footing study of educational accomplishment. Over clip, these outcome informations have been progressively tie in to analyses of the effects of course of study and school organisation upon larning and the relationship between accomplishment and student attitudes ( Shorrocks- Taylor 2000, p.14 ) .There are different methods on how to mensurate the comparative facet which differs from theoretical grounded surveies intended to construct or prove complex theoretical accounts of educational systems to descriptive surveies whose pattern is to supervise different characteristics of educational systems, patterns and results. The intent of theoretically oriented surveies is chiefly to analyze relationships among variables and expression for insouciant accounts. It is designed to analyze links between school accomplishment and such features as course of study, learning methods, household outlooks and support degrees. Thes e highlight the degree of differences between schools or categories every bit good as on differences between pupils as the unit of analysis. ( Bradburn & A Gilford 1990, p.5 )Belatedly, the intensification of international competition, spurred on by globalisation, neo-liberalism and marketizing, has major deductions for cross-national surveies of educational accomplishment, for those engaged in or covering with the powerful influence of national and international conference tabular arraies, and for the theoretical models that we employ in our analyses. If the support of research is progressively linked to commercial involvements, for illustration, the potency for critical theory, or for alternate cultural positions to act upon the building of new cognition, may be progressively challenged. Questions of power and whose cognition counts? , in the procedure of development arise, possibly, more strongly than of all time before ( mention from my talk notes ) .As Sultana stated, compar ative instruction should travel further than the concern with comparing like with similar ( Sultana as cited in Borg 2009, p.9 ) . It focuses more on happening a peculiar point from where educational and related societal phenomenon can be seen from different positions make a deeper apprehension of the kineticss as good come up with new thoughts. Comparative instruction provides penetrations on higher instruction, educational invention, teacher instruction, power and instruction researches each conveyancing the experience of the research worker s state, or the state or the states that research worker has study and came together in order to portion these issues in debating Sessionss.Comparative instruction and globalisationIn a globalize universe, schools have come under greater national question sing the ways they can carry to or detain a national advancement. Claxton ( 1998 ) has described the rapidly-changing times we are populating as the Age of suspicion in which it is im possible to foretell the province and form of the universe in few old ages clip ( as cited in Broadfoot 2000, p. 358 ) .The educational universe today encounters systems which may finally turn out to be a revolution in what is to be taught, to whom and how, since, as Edmund King implies, all its established systems were developed for a universe that no longer exists ( quoted in Broadfoot p.267 ) .Accountability and educational transmutation rose oppugning on the instruction procedure itself. The heightened involvement in and concern over instruction has encouraged pedagogues to re-evaluate in the visible radiation syndrome of new planetary worlds, the intent of schooling, the implicit in theories about the relationship between instruction and development and oppugning about pedagogue professionalism. ( Watson as cited in Crossley 2002, p.81 )The ways in which pedagogues in different states view these issues and the schemes occupied to turn to them must be understood in the visibl e radiation of different cultural, societal and political context in each state. By sing the educational issue from the position of deuce assorted states the research worker can place factor that might be missed when sing the issue within the context of ain state entirely. If the research country is related to researcher s ain cultural surroundings, it is non ever easy to comprehend its particular features. The instance may look excessively understandable and non-problematic. A fish can non see that it is populating in H2O ( quoted in hypertext transfer protocol //www2.uiah.fi/projects/metodi/172.htm ) . doubled cultural positions believing and analytic models from a multiplicity of adherent the research would supply an international context every bit good as tools for opening position to heighten the manner of seeing instruction.Critical thought on Comparative instructionComparative instruction and the critical position taking that comparative enquiry, assist the research wor ker to travel into a deeper analysis of the relationship among society, development, instruction and the function that citizens either solid or indirectly play in the instruction procedure. Through the development of comparative thought accomplishments research workers should be able to set about analyses of their place civilizations and systems with a more apprehension of the assorted cultural factors at drama. Comparative instruction encourages both research workers and pedagogues to inquire inquiries like What sort of educational policies, planning and instruction are appropriate and for what sort of society? The field of comparative instruction focuses attending on what might be appropriate and inappropriate policy while encourage consciousness of doctrines be educational policies and encourages interdisciplinary review. ( Klein 1990, 1996, Epstein 1983 as cited in Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p.7 ) .Comparative instruction is good and necessary non merely for bookmans and policy shapers but for instruction practicians every bit good. As Gutek said, instructors function in two dimensions as citizens of peculiar nation-states, they foster pupils national individuality and 2nd as citizens of a planetary society, they recognize that possibilities of worlds growing and menaces to human beings endurance traveling beyond national boundaries ( Gutek 1993 as cited in Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p.251 ) . Teachers must larn to look at other tantamount schoolroom and school patterns throughout the universe. As Stake ( 1978 ) said we postdate that people per se pursue the general by looking at the particular. Peoples make sense out of the new fortunes they encounter by comparing that particulars to the existence that includes their ain frames of mention. We have named the procedure of executing cross-cultural probe and so deducing penetrations from these probes the accomplishments of comparative position pickings ( quoted in Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p.252 ) .Schools are compared with spheres which constitute tautness and combination of forces. In order to understand and command such status, involves critical accomplishments and the ability to understand the political underlining of societal and educational fortunes ( Kaplan 1991 as cited in Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p. 252 ) . These sorts of critical thought can advance critical inquiries like What is the purpose of schooling? What are the just instruction and who decides? What is the appropriate balance between pedagog authorization and answerability? What factors reinforce or hinder teacher professionalism? ( Quoted from Kubow & A Fossum 2003, p. 252 ) .The field of comparative instruction continues to specify its individuality and significance in the new thought about instruction, society, colonialism and development. Ideas from post-foundational thought, post-modernism, post-structuralism and post-colonialism, are of great importance in comparative research because they deal with common me tanarratives of advancement, modernness, laterality and subordination that there have been the fulcrum of the chief thoughts in comparative instruction. ( Mehta & A Ninnes 2003, p.238 ) , Crossley 2002, p.82 ) .Examples of Case surveiesCase study 1 Comparison literacyThe utility of comparative instruction is seen in the figure of different instance surveies. An illustration of a instance survey is Literacy accomplishments in Maltese-English bilingual kids by Rachael Xuereb ( 2009 ) .The survey examines the interlingual rendition and phonological consciousness accomplishments in English and Maltese of kids whose fe virile parent lingua is Maltese and 2nd lingual communication English. A sample of 50 typically developing Maltese kids aging between 8 old ages 0 months to 10 old ages 5 months was chosen to take part in this survey. The kids acquired Maltese as a startle linguistic communication within the household and subsequently acquired English as a 2nd linguistic communicatio n through Kindergarten and/or the early school old ages.The participants in this survey attend a church school situated in the south-western portion of the island. Since kids star traveling to school at the age of 5 old ages, the kids have been larning to read in Maltese and besides in English.For the intent of this survey, Maltese reading and reading-related trials were created to check the UK and US standardised appraisals. All the kids sat for the novel trials and the standardized trials. Harmonizing to the consequences found by Xuereb, Maltese kids read better in Maltese than in English, which is the linguistic communication of direction in most of the topics. individually kid was tested on the undermentioned steps in both linguistic communications devise and non word reading, non word repeat, spelling, sectioning words and non words elision, rapid naming of letters, Numberss and colorss, frontward memory for figures.Increasing research has addressed this issue for bilingual p upils, in relationship to whether phonological consciousness in the first linguistic communication predicts phonological consciousness in the 2nd linguistic communication ( Quiroga, Lemos-Britton, Mostafapour, Abbott & A Berninger, 2002 ) . Studies comparing first linguistic communication and 2nd linguistic communication decrypting accomplishments in readers of different writing systems suggest that these accomplishments are positively correlated and that iodine differences in the development of these accomplishments can be predicted on the footing of underlying cognitive and lingual abilities such as phonological accomplishments, memory, orthographic cognition and velocity of processing ( Geva & A Wade-Woolley, 1998 as cited in Xuereb 2009, p.331 ) .This survey aimed to happen reply for how do Maltese-English bilingual kids perform on reading and phonological undertakings and to verify whether anterior findings of cross-language transportation from first linguistic communication phonological consciousness to reading or to 2nd linguistic communication phonological consciousness be replicated in this sample of Maltese-speaking pupils.Case study 2 Comparing the function of gender and age on pupils perceptual experiences towards on-line instruction.This survey conducted by Fahme Dabaj, and Havva BaAYak, was conducted in order to inquiry and analyse the perceptual experiences and attitudes of the pupils to online distance instruction by agencies of electronic get off and the World Wide Web as the method of presenting direction through online sheepskin plans offered by Sakarya University in Turkey with regard to their age and gender. The research was based on a questionnaire as a entail of informations aggregation method.The findings of the analysis explained that although the pupils registered to the on-line plan by will, they preference was for the traditional face-to-face instruction out-of-pocket to the trouble of the gestural communicating, their defici ency of ability in utilizing the engineering required, and their belief in traditional face-to face larning more than on-line instruction.The research methodological analysis of this survey used the quantitative statistical methods and techniques such as significance differences, correlativity and the cross-tabulation distribution to happen out if there is a important relationship between the independent and the dependent variable inquiries, mensurating the function of age and gender of pupils towards their perceptual experiences sing hostile instruction. The quantitative information was collected by study questionnaire and was analyzed via quantitative statistical methods. All the pupils enrolled in the distance instruction plans and the online classs in the autumn term of the 2005/2006 Academic Year took portion in the research. chirrup gender, the consequences proofed that the female pupils have a better consciousness of the on-line instruction contrasting to the male pupils. Si ng age, the consequences showed that the older the pupils penchant moves towards go toing face-to face categories.Case study 3 Comparison different subterfuge methodological analysiss.I besides attempted to do a little comparative survey in which I compared artistic production methodological analysis adopted in a province school compared with that adopted by the Verdala International School. The Verdala International is a coeducational international school in which foreign pupils resident in Malta can go to. The art section in this school in based on two Art Programs the IG which is tantamount to O degree test and the IB which is tantamount to the A degree test.My research was aimed at conveying out the difference in instructors and pupils attack towards the topic. The first difference which I pointed out was the degree of organisation in the province school s Art room in comparing with the organized pandemonium that ruled in the Verdala International. Both instructors r esponse to my remarks about the Art room environment was that it reflects the methodological analysis they adopt towards the topic. Art lessons in the province school are more coordinate pupils have to follow regulations which hinder them from utilizing their imaginativeness freely. In both schools the lessons where introduced in the same mode there was a batch of instructor talk with the instructor orchestrating the whole thing. The kids were merely asked to take part when the instructor asked them for suggestions.The two lessons differed in the manner they developed while in the province school, the pupils followed the traditional method by copying the instructor s illustrations from the whiteboard and were really limited in sampleation, at Vedala international the pupils were much freer to experiment and be originative. The ground was that although the Art course of study of both schools are really similar, the methodological analysis adopted is different. The instructor at th e province school believes that in order to interrupt the regulations in Art foremost the pupil has to larn them by utilizing the traditional method by copying.While Art lessons at the province school are more exams oriented, although at Verdala International they do hold an terminal of class trial, the focal point is more on assisting pupils develop originative thoughts. During my observation Sessionss at the province school, which were carried out in the beginning of November, the instructor systematically reminded the pupils about the test. On the other manus at Verdala International the concluding trial was neer mentioned.At the Verdala International I besides tried to compare Maltese pupils who have been to a province school and are now go toing Verdala International with foreign pupils who had been go toing to Art categories in their ain states are now at Verdala. The purpose of such comparing was to place pupils positions of the methodological analysiss used for the inst ruction of Art in Malta and abroad. The foreign pupils interviewed were from Italy, USA, Sweden, Germany, Russia and England. From the response given it resulted that the conservative Art methodological analysis used in Maltese province schools is really similar to that in Russia and in the early old ages of the in-between school in Germany.Lessons at Verdala International are more similar to those in Italy where the pupils are active participants and able to take determinations on what they should make. While in province schools every lesson planned out by the instructor following the course of study that is to be covered, at Verdala International the lesson is in the signifier of a group treatment. Each pupil decides on a subject that he/she would wish work on and the instructor will ease his acquisition. This manner, different pupils might be working on different undertakings unlike in province schools where everyone would be making the same thing. Maltese pupils prefer more the methodological analysis used at the Verdala International than the Art methodological analysis used in the province school.The research methodological analysis of this survey consisted of observation Sessionss, interviews with pupils both on single bases and in groups, and interviews with four instructors ( one at Verdala International and 3 at province school ) . The figure of pupils that took portion in this survey was 45 pupils ( 22 at Verdala International and 23 at province school ) .DecisionThe comparative instruction country is composed by what research workers declare about its nature, beginnings, intents, hereafters, by the truths people support and by the battle over what made true comparative instruction ( Mehta & A Ninnes 2003, p.240 ) .The significance in analyzing this country utilizing rational truth, the working and foreign systems of instruction will ensue in our better fitted to analyze and understand our ain piece helps to widen and intensify our apprehension of the universe it is a manner to progress our entire capacity to believe.As postulated by Sadler If we study foreign systems of instruction good and sympathetically-and understanding and thoroughness are both necessary for the task- I believe that the consequence on our heads will be to do us value as we have neer prized before the good things which we have at place and besides do us recognize how many things there are in our ain instruction systems which need pmt and seeking alteration. ( Quoted from Bray 2007 pp. 37-38 ) .