Beginner Essay

Is each of the following an absolute pathname, a relative pathname, or a simple filename? a) Mile_co b) Correspond/business/milk_co c) /home/max d) /home/max/literature/promo e) .. f) Letter. 0210 2. List the commands you can use to perform these operations: a. Make your home directory the working directory b. Identify the working directory a. cd; b. pwd 3. If your working directory is /home/alex with a subdirectory named literature, give three sets of commands that you can use to create a subdirectory named classics under literature. Also give several sets of commands you can use to remove the classics directory and its contents. 4. The df utility displays all mounted filesystems along with information about each. Use the df utility with the –h (human-readable) option to answer the following questions. $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/hda1 1. 4G 242M 1. 1G 18% / /dev/hda3 23M 11M 10M 51% /boot /dev/hda4 1. 5G 1. 2G 222M 85% /home /dev/hda7 564M 17M 518M 4% /tmp dev/hdc1 984M 92M 842M 10% /gc1 /dev/hdc2 16G 13G 1. 9G 87% /gc2 a. How many filesystems are mounted on your Linux system? b. Which filesystem stores your home directory? c. Assuming that your answer to exercise 4a is two or more, attempt to create a hard link to a file on another filesystem. What error message do you get? What happens when you attempt to create a symbolic link to the file instead? Following are sample answers to these questions. Your answers will be different because your filesystems are different. . six; b. /dev/hda4; c. ln: creating hard link ‘/tmp/xxx’ to ‘xxx’: Invalid cross-device link. No problem creating a cross-device symbolic link. 2 Answers to Even-Numbered Exercises 5. Suppose that you have a file that is linked to a file owned by another user. How can you ensure that changes to the file are no longer shared? 6. You should have read permission for the /etc/passwd file. To answer the following questions, use cat or less to display /etc/passwd. Look at the fields of information in /etc/passwd for the users on your system. . Which character is used to separate fields in /etc/passwd? b. How many fields are used to describe each user? c. How many users are on your system? d. How many different login shells are in use on your system? (Hint: Look at the last field. ) e. The second field of /etc/passwd stores user passwords in encoded form. If the password field contains an x, yo ur system uses shadow passwords and stores the encoded passwords elsewhere.

Kant and the Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

According to Kant metaphysics is the â€Å"occupation of reason with itself†. In more concrete terms, it is the mind making logical connections between a priori concepts and coming to an objective truth thereby, without reference to experience.[1] The question posed by him in the Prolegomena is whether such an objective truth is at all possible. The conclusion derived in the end is that there is indeed such an objective truth, which is effected through pure reason. But equally important in the assertion is that such metaphysics is beyond human understanding.The title â€Å"Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics† suggests that Kant does indeed anticipate an irrefutable metaphysics to be in the grasp of men in the future, but he never makes such a claim in the text itself. The thing that Kant aimed for was clarity in the field of metaphysical endeavor, and this is the ‘future metaphysics’. ‘Future’ can be interpreted in two ways here. First in the sense already suggested, so that metaphysical thinking is founded on a scientific basis, in which the terms and strategies it employs are well defined. But it can also be hinting at transcendental possibility, that by which all contradictions are resolved through â€Å"pure reason†.Scientific clarity is the aim, and thus Kant justifies the labor involved in Critique Of Pure Reason (1781), of which the Prolegomena was a sequel meant to make more accessible. He is at pains to point out that there is a moral obligation involved here. People cannot surrender themselves to unreason, because reason is the very make-up of the human, so postulates Kant. The suggestion that reason be abandoned was made by David Hume, who had spelt out a comprehensive theory of empirical skepticism.All our knowledge is through sense perceptions, therefore are entirely subjective, and cannot be tied into an absolute whole through the application of reason. It is merely by the means of custom that we ac quire a coherent worldview, he maintained.[2] Kant saw this as a capitulation to unreason. It was not just Hume’s personal viewpoint that mattered. It was indeed a wider crisis in metaphysics that he was addressing.When Newton’s physics could not be subsumed under any metaphysics, this engendered an intellectual confusion, and Hume’s solution was that metaphysics be abandoned as impossible. Kant enjoined that it is impossible to abandon metaphysics, for man reasons by necessity. Instead of finality we must aim for metaphysical clarity, and this is absolutely contingent upon us, indeed a moral obligation. He made what seem to be boastful claims about the crucial importance of the Critique in the history of metaphysics, but a closer examination will show that it is not from conceit, but rather from moral outrage.The true nature of metaphysics is laid out with scientific clarity in the Critique and the Prolegomena, and this is the essence that Kant wants to convey, not the final outcome. He takes Hume to task in the very opening of the Critique:  Although all our knowledge begins with experience, it does not follow that it arises entirely from experience. For it is quite possible that our empirical knowledge is a compound of that which we receive through impressions and that which our own faculty of knowing (incited by impressions) supplies from itself.[3]When considering sensual perception he first makes the distinction between a priori and a posteriori, the first suggesting an innate facility of the mind, and the second is a facility borne after the event. The second distinction is between analytical and synthetic propositions. In an analytic proposition the predicate is contained within the subject, such as â€Å"the flamingo is a bird†. In a synthetic proposition the predicate adds something new to the subject, such as â€Å"the flamingo is pink†. The pinkness is not in the definition of flamingo, but rather has to be got from observation, and therefore it is also a posteriori.Synthetic a posteriori propositions are employed in the field of natural science. On the other hand all mathematical truths are innate, i.e. we ascertain their truth before sensory perception. They are also synthetic: when we say â€Å"3+4=7†, then ‘7’ is a new concept, not contained in either ‘3’ of ‘4’. Mathematics holds the key to metaphysics, according to Kant. It demonstrates that synthetic a priori propositions are possible, which is contrary to normal expectation. We feel that whatever is innate is necessarily analytical. We are what we are, separated from the objective natural world beyond us. Against this instinctive point of view, Kant contended that we are not passive observers of an external world separated from us, but that with our innate faculties we â€Å"synthesize† our own subjective reality.The first stage of this synthesis is when we intuit objects in our perception. â€Å"Things in themselves† can never appear to us; we only have subjective sensory data to work with. It is a meaningless jumble of light, sound, touch, taste and smell, but then our faculty of sensibility intervenes and creates order out of this chaos. This faculty is synthetic a priori, and makes use of pure intuitions. Space is one such pure intuition. Newton had maintained that space is an external, absolute and inviolable reality. Kant counters that, no, space is pure intuition. Time is another such.Through the faculties of sensibility we come to make a judgment of perception. Thus far it is an entirely subjective viewpoint, with no objective framework to relate to that would link our views with those of others. This is the function of our judgment of experience. It too is synthetic a priori, and links the objects of perception into a rational order that facilitates understanding. This is done through pure concepts of understanding, and causation is one of t hem. Through this faculty we know that one event is cause to another, and thus wise we have come across Hume’s impasse, where he could find no rational construct that could link a effect to a cause when confined to empirical sense data.[4] â€Å"Cause and effect† is thus a concept of human understanding. Such understanding is composed of components that are a priori and synthetic, and it is meant to make the world intelligible to us.Just because the world is made intelligible, it does not imply that we do not meet contradiction. When we think we do so discursively, i.e. we think by making propositions in terms of subjects and predicates. But each subject we introduce is the predicate of another subject in an infinite chain. Because the absolute subject is beyond our grasp, discursive reason naturally leads to fallacies. In fact each truthful proposition will be found to have an equally valid refutation, which together are described as pairs of antimonies. Kant cites fo ur cosmological antimonies, one of which places infinite space against a limited one. He goes on to show that there is no contradiction in essence. As originating in the judgment of perception space does indeed have a beginning. But as regards human understanding space is necessarily infinite. The conflict arises from metaphysics failing to distinguish the noumenal (thing in itself) from the phenomenal (as appears to human understanding).Thus far does metaphysics gain clarity, but not finality. The human mind cannot help ponder on the questions of metaphysics, but it must come to terms with the fact that it is ‘bounded’. Human understanding is meant to make the outer world intelligible, and thus proves inadequate when the focus is redirected to the inner essence of the mind, which is the object that metaphysics must study. But the overriding lesson of metaphysics is that pure reason subsumes all. One must not despair of human reason, for one must know that it originates in pure reason and is overcome by it in the end.Subservience to pure reason is indeed a moral obligation. Other than clarity in metaphysics, which is not suitable for all, Kant advanced his categorical imperative: â€Å"I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law.†[5] We cannot help noticing that this is only a rewording of the golden rule of Christianity: â€Å"Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.†[6] Thus through clarity in metaphysics Kant can be said to have arrived at religious doctrine too.ReferencesHume, David. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. Eric Steinberg. Boston: Hackett Publishing, 1993.Jeffrey, David L. A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature.  Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992.Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Ed. Eric Watkins. Boston: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999.Kant, Immanuel. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Ed. Mary Gregor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.Kant, Immanuel. Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2005.[1] Immanuel Kant, Kant's Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p. 92.[2] David Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Ed. Eric Steinberg, Boston: Hackett Publishing, 1993, p. 29.[3] Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar, Ed. Eric Watkins, Boston: Hackett Publishing Company, 1999, p. 1. [4] Hume, Enquiry, p. 49. [5] Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, Ed. Mary Gregor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 16. [6] David L. Jeffrey, A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature,  Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992, p. 314.

Basketball Business Essay Research Paper In society

Basketball Business Essay, Research Paper In society today High School athleticss are a major concern, particularly High School Basketball. Major Corporations are doing a big net income on high school jocks, selling places ( Nike, Adidas, etc. ) , doing movies ( He Got Game, Hoop Dreams, etc. ) , and books ( Exclusive Influence By Dan Wetzel, Raw Recruits, etc. ) . High school hoops is such a big concern everyone is seeking to acquire their peaice of the pie. Who says there is anything incorrect with brain-washing childs to believe that hoops is traveling to take attention of them for the remainder of their lives without any instruction by high school. These hoops prodigies s have everything they need in High School and Jr. High School, because of what they can make on a hoops tribunal and non what sort of individual or what sort of pupil they are. If one of these young person hoops stars suffers an hurt that would no longer let them to play hoops, they would be left in the cold with nil but narratives of what could hold bee n if they had non gotten hurt. In the two films that I Reference in my paper are He Got Game, and Hoop Dreams, which are about the lives of high school hoops stars that are at the caput of the category, when it comes to basketball. In the movie He Got Game having Ray Allen and Denzel Washington, the high school hoops star Jesus Shuttleworth ( Allen ) , who is the top ranked high school hoops participant in the state. Everyone around him wants to cognize if he s traveling to college or if he traveling to play professional hoops and skip college. Hoop Dreams focuses on two interior metropolis young persons from the Cabrini Green lodging undertakings on Chicago s west side. Both of these immature work forces are recruited to play at a extremely acclaimed high for its faculty members and well-coached hoops every bit good. One of them stays to go a star participant ; the other 1 is forced out because of his economic state of affairs and goes to play for a public school in his vicinity. Both of these films focus on part icipants lives and how basketball effects their determination and their manner of thought. Basketball is their manner of life and is all they know, along with the streets. In the movie, He Got Game, there are many turns to the narrative and it is merely non about a narrative of a immature adult male seeking to pick a college to go to. Jesus ( Allen ) is faced with the world that he has to do a determination, non based on the feelings in his bosom, but what is best for everyone else around him. This is the most of import determination in your life ( 1 ) ( John Thompson hoops manager Georgetown university ) . In my sentiment, this is the most of import determination in his life or one of them because ; he has to make up ones mind if he wants to foster his instruction, or take the money and the fast life that professional athleticss has to offer. For an 18 twelvemonth old to hold to do the determination to do money for something he loves, or to foster his instruction, that is no competition in his head. He figures he can do money now and travel to school when his hoops calling is over. This manner of thought might be incorrect to you and me, but in that c hilds eyes that is the lone thing he sees fit for him. That is a manner of life, non merely a athletics. In the movie Jake ( Washington ) , is faced with a determination of conditions to remain in gaol for the remainder of his clip, or acquire early word if he can acquire his boy to inscribe in the Governors al-mater Big State. You do your portion # 8230 ; you present your boy, and Governor Cornell will make his portion. ( 2 ) ( Warden Marcel ) They are non believing about what is best for Jesus ( Allen ) , but what is best for them and how they can do the most money. One of the biggest parts of the movie is the concern behind high school hoops and the top hoops participants. Jesus is confronted with the option of traveling pro, but he is still diffident of what he wants to make. You # 8217 ; re black, I # 8217 ; m white, and this is green. When it comes to doing concern determinations, the lone colour that affairs is green. ( 3 ) ( Dom, athleticss Agent ) The large concern has taken over the little universe of high school athleticss, either being the shoe company s, summertime going squads, and athleticss agents. In the NCAA, it is illegal for any college jock or possible jock to speak with a athleticss agent, receive gifts, etc. Since all of these things are illegal, these kinds of things should non go on. In the film s every bit good as in existent life, it happens mundane and there is no terminal in sight, unless the shoe company s and the agents go out of concern, but in world that is non traveling to go on. In my sentiment it is a job, but it helps the childs that can t afford places and other things like that, for those childs they figure they go to high school get by pl ay hoops and acquire what of all time they can for the clip that they are at that place. As for the childs that don t necessitate it and recive all that free material and program on traveling to college, they don t even see the tribunal because they are suspended by the NCAA. So there is no victor in any of these state of affairss, except the major company s who merely find the following star they can boom with gifts. The Last facet of the film that was discussed through out the movie was Jesus relationship with his male parent. Jesus didn T claim his male parent because he killed his female parent when he was immature, and he dislodged of the instructions his male parent was seeking to set into his caput turning up. God forgives, when will you ( 3 ) ( Jake ) Jesus does non desire to forgive his male parent because he feels that he killed his female parent on intent and that he didn t love her. In my sentiment, he has the right to be huffy at him and he doesn t have to forgive him unless he feels like allowing him in his bosom. The whole movie they merely made a twosome of scenes that looked at that portion of the narrative. If that was one of the major parts of the movie, so the managers should hold gone more into deepness with that plot line more. He and his male parent had many jobs that they should hold worked out, but in the movie, they were merely at peace with each other at the terminal. In the Documentary, Hoop Dreams Arthur Agee and William Gates face a batch of the same issues as Allen in He Got Game, but they face that early when their acquiring ready to come in High School. Arthur Agee fell into to the concern terminal of hoops when he was kicked out of St. Joseph s. The school promised him that he had a scholarship to the school if he would come to the school and play hoops for them, but when he got at that place and didn Ts make the advancement that, they were trusting he would. That isn T carnival to him or his household because they put some unreal outlooks upon him that he was incognizant of and he had to endure the effects because of it. When these schools recruit childs they should state them what they expect of them and how they want them to come on in that twelvemonth, and what their outlooks are for the twelvemonth. By making this they can hold an Idea of what they need to make and how they should travel about making it. In my sentiment, they shouldn t give these false agencies of security, to construct them up and interrupt them down slow. William Gates was involved in the concern excessively, but he flourished under his fortunes that he was given. William besides had something that Arthur didn T that was worth more at the clip, he had a more mature organic structure and more developed accomplishments and was more coveted because of that. Since he was more skilled and bigger physically, they found a manner for him to remain in school, unlike Arthur. If St Josephs could happen a manner for William to remain, they could hold done the same for Arthur, but they were merely looking at the present and non the hereafter. If they would hold looked at the hereafter so Arthur likely would hold been a better investing than William because he was a better participant win he was older, and he didn t have every bit many wellness jobs. # 8220 ; You # 8217 ; ve got to recognize that cipher cares about you. You # 8217 ; re a immature black male. All you # 8217 ; rheniums supposed to make is cover drugs and mug adult females. The lo ne ground why you # 8217 ; rhenium here is so you can do their squad win, and if the squad wins these schools get a batch of money. This whole thing revolves around money. # 8221 ; ( 4 ) ( Spike Lee ) ( Hoop Dreams ) If they these childs and their parents would hold realized that it was merely a concern so they likely wouldn Ts have gone to that school. This facet of recruiting is non told to you, some things you have to calculate out on your ain. Basketball is a money concern merely like films ; if the merchandise doesn t sell or win, you get fired. Both are barbarous industries ; if you play, play to win. In decision, the movie industry is about doing quality movies, in most other instances it is about money. I don t think that the money should over shadow the movie and what you re seeking to state in the movie. If it was merely about money, why aren T at that place more movies about money alternatively of high school childs playing hoops? There aren T more movies like that because they don t sell, and people want to see some thing that they can associate excessively. Basketball is a concern filled with many political relations ; it is merely traveling to acquire worse every bit long as it merely keeps acquiring bigger. Coaches ever talks about sportsmanship and carry oning your ego with category on the tribunal, but the large concerns don t do it, so why Teach childs to make it. If we conduct ourselves like animate beings, we should non anticipate our childs non to make the same. The bottom line is we should worry about athleticss and their roots, and non our pockets.

Leading a health task force through malaria prevention program Essay

Leading a health task force through malaria prevention program - Essay Example The situation I have chosen is where a group of health professional is carrying out a malaria prevention program in the community. As the leader of the task force, I am required to exhibit leadership equation, power of vision, significance of ethics, ability to empower people, principles of leadership, human abilities and understanding, high level of effectiveness, ability to develop other people, and performance management. This paper will hence focus on the mentioned leadership components that I will exhibit in leading the task force through a malaria prevention program. Leadership equation During my reign as a leader of the task force, I will prefer a group leadership to an individual leadership. As opposed to individual leadership where one person leads the whole group, group leadership encourages the whole team to act as leaders. This approach will aid in increasing effectiveness, creativity and even reducing costs. This energizes the team and makes them feel an elevated level o f empowerment. Leading a team through a prevention program requires much time as it involves straining circumstances. It involves dealing with community at the grass root level where there is a low literacy level. It also requires ample time to empower community members to adopt the measures provided by the team members. The community will have to be taught and trained on how they can prevent malaria from making a better part of them. It will also involve distribution of treated mosquito bed nets. This will mean the community will be trained on how to use these bed nets. It will be the work of the team to ask the community to observe various causes of malaria in order to avoid infections. Above all, the community will be empowered in order to keep observing the measures of malaria prevention. After the program, there will be a monitoring and evaluation session to ensure the program is effective after which the team can pronounce success of the program. The whole of these activities requires much cooperation from the team members. Therefore as a team leader, I will have to exhibit distinct leadership traits, behavior, styles and qualities. The team is also expected to show effective characteristics of a well functioning team in order to provide the right condition of working together and providing leadership. As a leader I will provide awareness of unity to all members of the team. The members will also have the ability to develop interpersonal relationship where every member gets a chance to learn from each other and contribute to work. I will also use my leadership to enhance togetherness towards achieving our common goal. My team will exhibit characteristics of a well functioning team including: Members share a sense of purpose and reason for existence of the team and invest their time in obtaining the goals and mission of the team. Members share priorities with one another; they know what has to be done by whom and by when the goals are to be achieved. Memb ers are definite about their roles. Everyone knows what tasks to do and when to give team experts a chance to do specific task. Members understand the line of decision making and authority. Members deal with conflicts openly and consider them significant to personal growth and decision making. Members appreciate each other’s personal traits and feel their distinct personalities well utilized and appreciated. Members have set group norms that enable them work together and are observed as the group standards for

Anaylize video adress points in description Essay

Anaylize video adress points in description - Essay Example This was between 1995 and 1998. From Eisenman’s work, it is evident that the intention of the monument was not to act as a national figure but to portray the crime carried out by the government. It is a symbol that Germany was willing to face the terrible past; this was to the German citizens and the whole world in general. The memorial would occupy an area of 19,000 square meters and the names of all victims in it. The building was to remember the Jews; this was in reference to the contractor’s report. The museum has 2711 labyrinthine parallel-piped blocks. These blocks vary in length between 20 centimeters and 4.7 centimeters. They have orthogonal arrangement, of hilly terrain of 95 centimeters. All blocks are of 2.8*0.95 meters. In short, it is the sole of Berlin. Below are some illustrations of the museum. The former Chancellor Helmut Kohl was a key critic to the project. He was the same official who appreciated the proposal by Eisenman. His suggestion was to modify the museum and the underground formation by Dagmar von Wilcke. The names were to be collected from Yad Vashem museum in Israel. These controversial issues rose after the contractor made a provision of a substance called Degussa ant-graffiti. The substance was to cover the monument and stop the construction. One of the arguments was that the contracted company was a victim in killing the Jews. Different Germany philosophers came in made different suggestions such as, â€Å"German is facing its past, and therefore, we cannot stop the construction when issues arise.† There were other critics who were against the monument because it neglected the Sinti and the Romanian communities. Others arguments include omission of homosexuals and Jeova witnesses, political prisoners and communists, among others. We also challenge the U.s government for having a Holocaust Museum in Washington, but neglecting the Indian genocide. This should be considered as it will enhance international integrations.

Importance of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 Assignment - 1

Importance of the Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 - Assignment Example The two acts are important legislations, in that they limited the powers and the privileges wielded by the House of Lords, and sought to give the common person more powers through the empowerment of the House of Commons. The legislations are however not without issues, as demonstrated in the Jackson v Attorney General [2005] case regarding the legality of the application of Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 to pass the Hunting Act, making it illegal to hunt wild animals using dogs, except in very limited circumstances. 6The case was heard by a Divisional court and later passed on the court of appeal. The court of appeal decision was that constitutional changes could not be passed under the parliament act of 1911. 2The legal issues raised in this case is that any legislation done under the parliament Act of 1911 was not primary, but a subordinate one. The legislative power wielded by the Act was not limited, and thus was open to statutory interpretation. Upon reaching the decision, the judges raised the issue that the Act did not authorize the House of Commons to change or remove any conditions on which the law-making power is based. 6 The judges observed that the 1911 Act was wide to authorize some amendments of the commons law making power, contrary to the 1949 Act, which was observed to be substantial and significant. 6The discussion by the judges was that it was highly unlikely that the House of Commons could contemplate to use the Act to enact a legislation that the House of Lords had not consented to or to abolish the House of Lords completely. 2 If however, the House of Commons had such intentions, then it would be seen as contrary to the intentions of the parliament, when it was enacting such legislations.

The role of Perceived risk in sustainable consumption contexts Essay

The role of Perceived risk in sustainable consumption contexts - Essay Example Research and development projects have found out that most car demanders have perceived risks about hybrid cars; however, marketing can address the perceived risk barriers to change the attitudes of consumers towards these vehicles. Barriers Associated with Perceived Risk in Decision-making for Hybrid Cars The first barrier associated with perceived risk is lack of warrants. Hybrid companies do not give customers warrants in most cases. This causes lack of guarantee among the customers concerning the functionality of the hybrid cars. Consumers find it difficult to trust hybrid cars because they are not afforded some period of protection should the car fail to meet all dimensions of product quality (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 101). Sometimes, hybrid car manufacturers offer extremely short period of warrants, which leaves consumers with doubts; customers tend to belief that the reason for this is that these cars could be having short Mean Time To Repair (MTTP) periods. Additionally, hybrid manufacturers fail to avail information concerning earlier purchases that could encourage customers to buy these cars. According to the social learning theory, human beings are naturally attracted to things that society members demand most because they believe that many people demand good things. Car buyers hold a belief that the speed and distance covered by the hybrid cars leads to excessive consumption of fuel and energy during driving. The general assumption is that the higher the speed, the more the engine consumption of fuel. Car consumers, therefore, have a perception that these cars may cause them spend more on fuel than they could spend in conventional cars. The hybrid cars typically attempt to increase the mileage while overcoming the shortcomings of an electric and gasoline car. Apart from the energy costs, hybrid cars are believed to cause accidents easier than conventional cars. The braking system of a hybrid car is automatic and highly sensitive to slight paddle s. Drivers believe that this may encourage them to over-depend on emergency brakes, which may expose them to fatal accidents. The root causes of these perceptions are lack of proper information and false generalizations. Marketers and manufacturers have not invested in consumer education to ensure they have clear knowledge of hybrid cars and their functionality (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 80). Despite hybrid cars being environmentally friendly and offering great savings on gas than their conventional counterparts, they are associated with several risks. Hybrid cars have gigantic sizes and high voltage batteries. When accidents occur, the high voltage batteries pose a risk of causing acid spills and electric shocks. The force involved in accidental collision or falling of cars causes the high voltage batteries to burst and spray hot acids. Acids may lead to burns of victims while shocks may make it difficult for volunteers who are attempting to save the victims. Sometimes excessive sprays of acids and shocks lead to fires that burn the whole car and victims who might not have escaped. Further concerns arise from the fact that the large battery pack at the rear can accumulate up to 300 volts (Swanson 27). The cables connecting this battery to the engine may rupture or leak and deliver a nasty wallop. Marketing Recommendations to

Fire Resistant Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Fire Resistant Design - Essay Example Fires are arguably the biggest hazard in terms of engineering difficulty. With winds, earthquakes and storms, the change is only in terms of the loads upon a structure. The behavior of the structure and the materials in it is mostly the same, thus precautionary measures are easier to engineer and hazard predictions can be made. In case of fires, the material properties themselves change. The major structural materials – steel, concrete, wood and masonry – all lose their structural integrity and strength as temperatures are raised higher and higher and beyond a certain limit, each of these materials is no longer able to sustain the loads that they need to bear. Another important feature that needs to be focused on is that these materials are usually not used by themselves; rather they work in conjunction with each other, e.g. steel reinforcement of concrete pillars. When such a structure is subjected to higher temperatures, the steel and the concrete might be, by themselves, within their usable limit, but the bonding interface between the two materials may cause failure. As more and more complex designs are being made, joining of varied materials is becoming a very important field in itself. Although the joining materials might be stronger than the materials joined at room temperatures, yet th ey might lose their joining ability at lower temperatures than the temperature at which the joined materials lose their integrity. With higher and higher focus on cost reduction, designers and engineers are being pushed to replace fire emergency equipment and repair costs with nothing i.e. they are being asked to use materials which can resist fires without damages. Thus fire resistant design is very important. This paper focuses on the different methods of assessing the high temperature properties of a certain structure, setting up experiments for the assessment, and it also focuses on different case studies shedding light on the properties of

Earthquake preparedness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Earthquake preparedness - Essay Example Near Prince William's Sound the movement in plates had already started. The fault started to slip, resulted in tsunamis. rush under the foot. Huge fissures began to open and close as the shaking continued. In a moment every thing started to come down and collapse. For around 5 minutes the ground shook like anything and than it stopped, leaving every thing ruined and devastated. (1) First moving on the seismic perimeters, the magnitude of this quake was noted to be 8.4 on the RICHTER SCALE. But later the calculation of the movement proved it to be around 9.2, holding it to be the second largest quake after the CHILE earthquake which was recorded to be of 9.5 magnitudes. This quake was the largest in the Northern Hemisphere, largest in the North America. The total area on which it was felt was 1,300,000km2. (The whole of Epicenter: It was 120 km on the east side of the Anchorage, around 90km on the west of Valdez and approximately around 10km east of the College Fiord. (2) Its focal dept comes up to 25km and the movement continued for around 240 seconds or approximately 4 minutes. After the earthquake the tremors and quakes continued for and year at least. There were approximately 52 larger after shocks. The largest quake had a magnitude of 6.7. Around 15 of these shocks occurred on the same day. And these were of around 6.0 and above magnitude. In next few weeks same kind of shocks continued. Other than this there were many small quakes that came in the very same month of the earthquake. Now let's see what the strength of the Earthquake was. According to the different researchers, it was 6 * 10 raised to the power of 25, in ergs. The sudden rise of the Alaskan sea floor caused a tsunami which gave rise to 121 deaths of 132 deaths. The tsunami waves which was rushing at a tremendous seed of 400 miles per hour reached Hawaii Island, than it struck the Crescent City of California where the huge green wood trees which were in the near by sawmill were shoved into the city taking away lives of 10 people. Around 16 people died in California. Sloshing of the water back and forth started to occur in the rivers a water ways. The landslides cau sed huge water waves of around 100 feet above the normal tide levels smashing the harbor walls and destroying it. (3)The sand turned into a liquid state because of the ground liquefaction due to the earthquake. As a effect of the liquefaction avalanches and rockslides occurred. About 75 houses were ruined because of this in the region of Anchorage, Turn again Heights. Property of around $311 million was destroyed most of it occurring in Anchorage area. The Penney's building was one of the strongest buildings that came down. Its panels were five inches thick. When the quake occurred the panels came out and fell into the street below. A woman was killed in this that was driving by. Air traffic controller was also killed when the 68 foot long and heavy control tower of Anchorage came down. Other than this in Anchorage area electricity poles, water lines, gas lines telephone lines were all smashed and

Cats Are Better Then Dogs Essay Example for Free

Cats Are Better Then Dogs Essay All of my childhood, I grew up with dogs.† A dog is man’s best friend.† That common saying may contain some truth, but dogs are not the only animal friend companionship people enjoy. For many people including myself a cat is their best friend. It wasn’t until I got my first cat that I realized how much better of a pet they are then dogs. Despite what dog lovers may believe, cats make excellent house pets as they are good companions, they are more civilized, and they are much easier to care for. First of all, many people enjoy the companionship of cats. Many cats are really affectionate. They will snuggle up and beg to be petted or scratch under their chin; as a result the cat will instantly start purring. Who can resist a purring cat? If they are not feeling affectionate cats are generally quite playful. They love to chase balls and feathers, or just about anything that dangles from a string. They especially enjoy playing when their owners are involved with game. Not to mention, cats are so much more independent. They can disappear for hours, having their own little adventures, and then pop up again just when you least expect it. Its like running into a long-lost friend on the street, but in your house. Also, it has been said that cats cannot be trained. I have a personally found this false and found that using rewards and punishments just like with a dog; in fact, a cat also can be trained to avoid unwanted behavior or perform tricks. Cats can and will even play fetch! Next, cats are civilized members of the household. Unlike dogs, cats do not bark or make other loud noises. I have never once heard of neighbors complaining about my cat’s loud meows; in fact, most cats dont even meow very often. They do not feel a need to share their opinions with everyone around them they keep quit and do not bother with meowing at strangers. If a friend or relative enters your house your cat will keep to himself. They generally tend to lead a quiet existence. The only time cats tend to make noise is when they need to be feed or watered. For example, if a dog is hungry he will not let you know he simply expects the owner to remember and if the owner accidentally forgets the dog will go hungry. Cats, on the other hand, will meow and purr constantly until their owner finally has enough and remembers that they have to feed their cat. Cats also dont often have accidents or if any. Mother cats train their kittens to use the litter box, and most cats will use it without fail from that time on. Even stray cats usually understand the concept when shown the box and will use it regularly. Cats do have claws and have been known to claw furniture; however, this is preventable with a scratch post, a scratch pad, or last resort the declawing of the cat. With these actions of owner the furniture will be left alone. Finally, one of the most attractive features of cats as house pets is their ease of care. Cats dont need anyone to get up in the middle of the night or in the wee hours of the morning to walk them. With a cat, owners have no need to leave their warm beds in 12 degree weather or heavy rain storms to take the cat for a walk and they do their business in the litter box. Owners find a great conveyance to cleaning the litter box as it is a quick, painless procedure. Cats also take care of their own grooming. Bathing a cat is almost never necessary because under ordinary circumstances cats clean themselves. Cats do not require baths due to the fact that cats clean themselves. For example, let’s say an individual has a busy day and when they come home and notice their dog smells horrific however they do not have time to bathe the dog so the individual is stuck with a smelly dog all day running around their house. Cats will simply lick themselves clean and do not do much to get smelly. Cats are more particular about personal cleanliness than what a lot of people are. In addition, cats can be left home alone for a few hours without fear of a stinky present on the expensive rug, or leave a puddle pee in the hallway. Unlike some pets (Dogs), most cats will not destroy the furnishings, or rip up the trash when left alone. They are content to go about their usual activities until their owners return. I could go on all day about how great cats are and anyone with sense can see that theyre simply the better pet, hands down. So, in conclusion, cats are clearly low maintenance, very civilized companions and self dependent. People who have small living quarters or less time for pet care should appreciate these characteristics of cats. However, many people who have plenty of space and time still opt to have a cat because they love the cat personality. In many ways, cats are the ideal house pet.

Current situation of the coffee industry

Current situation of the coffee industry 1Coffee is one of the worlds most valuable assets and at least 25 million people around the world base their livelihood on their production. Most of these producers are small-scale farmers in the developing world, despite the extent of coffee consumption takes place in the United States and Europe Over the last twenty five years of the last century, developing countries have been incited to follow export-oriented economy models as a way to increase living standards of their citizens. With this model, countries have opened their economies globally, boosting international trade and investments, and expanding their exports with the objective of earning foreign exchange. These strategies try to substitute older models based on import-replacement, which proposed that developing countries should impose protectionism measures in order to protect their domestic economies by controlling investments and external trade. At face value, specializing in exporting coffee seems to be a good strategy for developing countries, knowing that they have the perfect conditions to grow coffee crops and taking the advantage that richer countries are not competitive in this field, but they are very interested in purchasing the product as they earn considerable profits of its distribution and consumption. However, the global coffee industry has become a nightmare as the world prices have dampened, which have an important impact on livelihoods of those countries. Why has this happened, and how is affecting developing countries? CURRENT SITUATION 2The current crisis is the latest and most dramatic in a long history of industry ups and downs. Coffee prices have plummeted to 30-years lows. (See appendix 2) Coffee, which is produced in over 50 developing countries, is one of the s worlds most important commodities exports. It makes an important contribution to development socioeconomic and poverty alleviation as well as its economic importance is based on exportation, some of represent more than the half of their export earnings. Moreover, a cup of coffee in any neighborhood in New York or Paris can reach the $ 3.60 price. That same cup of coffee, a coffee farmer in the Andes of South America or Southeast Asia receives only 24 cents, a paltry 7% which, of course, does not even cover the cost of production or the basic needs of collectors. This are the most direct consequences of a crisis in the last two years which has sunk into poverty over 25 million people, while the coffee trade of the four big multinationals (Nestle, Kraft Foods, Procter Gamble and Sara Lee) has curbed their economic growth. Therefore, it is not a trivial matter; it is actually the major source of foreign exchange for several countries. The current crisis is directly affecting some 20 million families living in the area where the center of all growing and production, between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and depend on grain as their main source of income. Moreover, the United Nations World Food Program launched an emergency operation to assist 155,000 people in Guatemala, where a severe drought that killed subsistence crops coincided with low coffee prices. CAUSES Coffee prices are at the alarming and the specialty coffee industry is in a crisis. In addition, most industry experts predict that will not improve in the near future. At the root of the current crisis is an oversupply of coffee on world markets. Since 1990, coffee production worldwide has increased by 15 percent, exceeding consumption by two folds. This increase was precipitated by new producers entering the market, most notably Vietnam (see appendix 3). Keep in mind that coffee production in Vietnam is not really traditional, in 1987. The Vietnamese were at the beginning just consumers. But the access to the position of largest producer of robusta type of coffee is actually the result of a political will, encouraged by the World Bank. As one of the most disadvantage countries in Asia, Vietnam saw in the business the chance to expand its economy and as a way to gain valuable foreign exchange. Furthermore, it provided an opportunity to encourage economic expansion in relatively disa dvantage areas. However, coffee production has surged in other countries as well. The reason for this relate to some complex technical, economic and political factors. In addition, during the last decade productivity of coffee trees increased because of enhanced agricultural practice. Moreover, many countries increased their lands in order to specialize in coffee production. 2The reasons for this is different from country to country, liberalization of trade in coffee, improving better transportation and communication on production data, prices and inventories increase security of supply World; domestic food markets were deregulated, which encouraged a general shift to export production; and land previously reserved for non-agricultural production, for example forest areas, was brought into agricultural use through privatization and non regulation. Going a little bit further, the beginning of the crisis dates back to 1989 when the International Coffee Agreement collapsed, contributing greatly to the problem of oversupply. The agreement had been responsible for the restrictions on exports of coffee, without it, many producing countries sought to increase export earnings through increased production. Unfortunately, its success in increasing it led to a surplus that, actually, decreased revenues. Moreover, severe frosts in Brazil during the middle 1990s showed a temporary rise in coffee prices, before the basic trend kept on increasing until the present days (appendix 3). But all of these effects are not just based simply one of supply and demand. The connections between the links of the supply chains that connect producers with consumers have also changed. Nowadays, coffee farmers receive less than 7% of the retail price of coffee in developed world markets; the rest of the percentage until 100%, 93% is paid to importers, packaging firms, roaster and retailers. In part this reflects a structural disparity of commercial power in the global coffee system, whereby six international trading companies control over half of the world coffee exports. In these contexts, developing country coffee growers are in a very weak bargaining position. CONSEQUENCES This downward pricing spiral is affecting infrastructures in coffee-producing countries where they are collapsing. There is no money to fix or repair roads, the cost of trucks is out of reach and distributing the merchandise is definitely a hard task. When small agricultural producers are dependent on some buyer to sale their crops for a large amount of money, slumping prices have dramatic repercussions for those poorest countries who everyday fight against hunger and social vulnerability. In recent years aid agencies have struggled to bring awareness about these human repercussions trying to call the attention of policy-makers. These human-scale dimensions of the crisis should flow into national and regional economies. For a significant number of tropical countries, coffee is the major source of export-earning. The collapse of coffee prices, then, has destabilized the systems of whole national economies. Many of these countries are also seriously in debt to international organizatio ns, and have had to renegotiate or even suspend the repayments of loans. In turn, the resultant debt crisis of developing countries is a major source of financial instability in the world. As always, the poorest countries are most affected, the business profit is becoming some of the poorest and most vulnerable of the world into extreme poverty, livelihoods of small farmers are being destroyed by international markets beyond their control. But not everyone is losing in the current scenario. While the cost of the raw material comes in a slump, some companies, particularly multinational companies along with several large coffee retailers, continue earning and being profitable. Their market powers allow them essentially to dictate to their suppliers and take advantage of the lower prices. As always, poorest countries are the most affected, corporate gain is turning over some of the worlds poorest and most weak people to extreme poverty: the livelihoods of smaller producers are being destroyed by international markets that are beyond their control. SOLUTIONS It seems clear that one of the solutions to the coffee crisis passes to limit grain production to raise prices in international trade. This would be the theory in the context of the market economy. In practice, it has been tried it last year and received the denial of the Asian countries and Brazil. in oil. Experts agree that the coffee industry is undergoing major changes in order to recover the price-crisis prices. The entry of Vietnam into the coffee trade had important consequences: the way to produce cheaper. Alternatives to the coffee crisis are in what some NGOs have called fair trade. If producing countries such as Vietnam has grown 400% in the last decade is because their culture has focused on the logical contribution of new technologies. It is a commitment to diversified organic coffee, coffee quality associated with sustainable development and fair trade outside intermediaries, to improve the price paid to farmers and reducing the supply with further restructuring of the field. An idea that is far from being realized because of the illiquidity of the farmer . 4The costs of producing differ from country to country, perhaps from 60 to 90 cents for The worst hits are Latin American countries with relatively high production costs. These countries may try to find ways to cut costs or find niche markets that command premium prices, such as organic or shade-grown coffee that provides ecological habitats. But those options do not help everyone. Many farmers ultimately have to move to other more lucrative products. In the fall of the current prices, farmers enough eventually be driven out of business, which will produce increased coffee prices again. That means another potential shortage threat in the future, especially for higher quality coffees are more expensive to produce. And this shortage can lead high enough to encourage overproduction, once again. It is not clear when this damaging cycle will repeat again, or even if it is going to finish. What is clear is that new and better solutions are needed to help the poorest countries that are affected by it. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS In conclusion, the existing circumstances of the world coffee industry represent a crisis of huge human cost. The low prices being received by coffee farmers not only put in danger the livelihoods of people and communities, but add significantly to global inequality and its correlated to financial and political implications. For another point of view, the crisis also unveils the failures of export-oriented models which curiously most developing countries follow. What it can be learned at this point: what is true for some countries may not be true for anothers. When one country increments its coffee exports, it benefits. But if all countries do the same, then the effects are to produce an over-supply of commodities and to cause prices to fall. The lives of smallholder farmers become vulnerable by depending on the conditions imposed those who dominate commodity markets, which in any case are structured in ways that concentrated power in a small number of transnational companies. And at least, some recommendations can be given: Correcting the imbalance between supply and demand by increasing consumer in particular by: improving quality in the world market and promoting diversification to reduce dependency. It is recognized that to ensure market access for products alternative, there must be a substantial reduction of tariffs and subsidies to those who are now protected agriculture in industrialized countries. In addition, support a broad-based rural development to enhance the capacity of local processing and producer associations, and also measures to improve access to credit and risk management. Beyond these suggestions, the coffee industry should participate in programs designed to help reducing the effects of price shocks at the farm level. These efforts should include locking roasters in contracts with farmers for the coming years, as a way to motivate farmers to keep on producing coffee, for example, paying more for certain quality coffees. Simultaneously with the efforts of importers, roasters and retailers to create mutually beneficial relationships with farmers, producers have taken steps toward understanding what the market demand for its coffee. APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2 Prices of the coffee market (2003) APPENDIX 3

Roger’s Theory as compared to that of Ellis’ Theory Essay -- Psycholog

Anderson (n.d) states, â€Å"Carl Rogers, a pioneering psychotherapist and the most influential psychologist in American history was one of the most prominent people of his time.† Rogers’ ideas and practices brought about a change in the school of humanistic psychology. What he learned in philosophy and philosophy of education influenced his personal life experiences which led him to a revolutionary of theory of therapy (Corsini, 2011 p. 148). According to an electrical resource, Client –centered therapy is a form of talk psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in 1940s and 1950s (â€Å"PCT†, n.d.). Certainly, Rogers’ non-directive approach to client- centered therapy focused on the importance of individual feelings and perceptions of self in the present. Rogers believed that this process increased understanding of self-awareness within the client. If the clients can identify, fully accept, and clarify feelings in their conscious, it wil l help them to determine the solution to their own problem. Since Carl Rogers was the one the first influential therapist, Alert Ellis became the second most influential therapist of all times in cognitive behavior therapy. Ellis developed a theory called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in the mid-1950s. Wikipedia (n.d.) explain this theory as , â€Å"A comprehensive, active–directive, philosophically and empirically based psychotherapy which focuses on resolving emotional and behavioral problem and disturbances and enabling people to lead happier and more fulfilling lives.† Unlike client-centered therapy, Ellis active-directive approach to rational emotive behavior therapy focused on The ABCD technique. This ABCD framework is defined as: (A) activating even not from an emotion, (B) bel... ... (Corsini, 2011 p. 153). However, rational emotive behvior therapist provided much direction, whereas the person centered approach encourages the client to determine direction (Corsini, 2011 p. 153). Furthermore, Rogers emphasize the conditions of a person’s right freely express themselves in solving their own problems. However, Ellis theory pays attention to the development of thoughts and emotions people experience. Similar, outcomes are evident in both client-centered therapy and rational emotive behavior therapy after the patients have received valuable assistance. The clients continue to show growth and healing in their conscious as they revealed about life’s current problems. Likewise, Rogers and Ellis neither focused the patients past lifestyle or relied on unconscious. The clients were able to gain a sense of self-awareness at the end of the therapy.

Essay --

My senior project research paper: My senior project is going to be about a card game called Magic the Gathering it’s based around five color Mana, Mana is the lifeblood of playing MTG your five kinds of Mana are Plains, Mountain, Island, Forest, Swamp. MTG has been around sense early 1990’s Richard Garfield is the creator behind MTG and the publisher is Wizards of the Coast. Magic The Gathering is a card game that takes place in a fictitious multiverse. Each plane is a different universe with different characters. Richard Garfield created the game in the early 1990’s. When the publisher house Wizards of the Coast published the game and it went crazy. Richard Garfield was a huge hit. At that time he was a mathematics professor and a game designer, then later around 1994 he joined Wizards of the Coast as a full time game designer and left the academia world. In Richard Garfield’s creation Magic the Gathering card game, the history, rules and different world’s of the game are important mystical parts. Dominaria is a vast plane on which Humans, Goblins, Merfolk, Dragons, Zombies, and Elves lived in a war ravaged environment. In the beginning there was a war known as the Dragon War that carried on for years and the dragons terrorized Dominaria for many more years to come. And in the latter years of the war a women named Sivitri Scarzam united with the Lesser Elders Scarzam accompanied her offspring into the battle of Corondor. Afterwards the Primeval Dragons Rith, Treva, Dromar, Crosis, and Darigaaz, conquered the would until human wizards took there powers then killing three of them. The two remaining Elder dragons governed for a uncertain amount of time. After Numena fell due to infighting, there is a cavity in th... ...hrough the Safehavens ending the Ice age as well as the Time of the Shards. Now with Doninaria beginning to reheat thanks to the World Spell as well as its axis being restored ice is starting to melt as well as new plagues and the time known as the flood was upon them Tresserhorn, Fyndhorn, as well as many other places of great power in the last years of the ice age witherd away like a Rose in the desert, while other happenings the fall of the School of the unseen at one time was the City of Shadows and Lat-Nam, as well as Scildev was destroyed by Lim-DÃ »l how was getting his awaited vengeance. The once great Wrenna was taken control by a dark mage and started to dwindle in its former power. Even in the darkest of times ight still finds its way through as it did by way new nations rose Benalia is one of the’s which replace Sheoltun, and Yavimaya, where Fynhrn

Injury can result from violence Essay -- Social Issues, Domestic Viole

Injury can result form violence Injury Can Result from Violence Injury can result from many different incidents. One specifically important incident resulting in injury is domestic violence. It is approximated statistically that 1.8 million to 3-4 million domestic violence cases occur each year, unfortunately, the number of cases that occur cannot be more accurate due to domestic violence usually occurring in the relative privacy of one’s home. (Kelly, 2003) As disturbing as these numbers may be, we need to acknowledge that domestic violence is not a new problem arising in American homes but what is new is that we are now more aware of how serious the issue of domestic violence is in today’s society. Today, domestic violence, in its broadest definition is being defined as verbal, emotional, threatening, or physical abuse among current or former intimate partners and includes any persons related by blood. (Robert, 2002) They may be living currently within the same household or have been in the past for it to be considered do mestic. Domestic violence has no barriers. It affects any race, religion, culture, or socioeconomic status. In today’s world every nurse knowingly or not is most likely to encounter a situation involving domestic violence. (Nucero & O’Connor, 2002) Therefore, it is important that within this discussion that the following issues is to be identified: the seriousness of domestic violence and what factors contribute to domestic violence, what role the legal system must take on when domestic violence occurs, and lastly what a nurse and the medical world can do in identifying and assessing domestic violence. Domestic violence is a serious problem affecting many people each and every ye... ...ic violence, as we can see from the previous read information, results in injury. It is a very serious issue for the people within a violent home setting and with today’s legal system domestic violence cases are being taken extremely serious. It is important that we as nurses, if we feel someone is in a violent home setting, to identify these patients and assess as needed. By nurses identifying and assessing victims of violent acts we can help these people and contribute to decreasing the number of violent acts that occur. If a nurse or anyone knows or suspects that someone is being abused, we need to let that victim know there are alternative solutions, choices they can make, and that there is hope to solve the problem at hand. We should also let this victim know that without help, this problem may only get worse and could progress in frequency and severity.

Innocence and experience in Blake’s Songs Essay

A Romantic as he was, William Blake created his rather simple songs as an opposition to the poetry the eighteenth-century poets tried to impose, the so called ornated word,poetry of beautiful words saying very little. Songs of Innocence and Experience are about the â€Å"two contrary states of the human soul† as Blake put it. To confirm this he wrote some of the poems of Innocence with their pairs in Experience. Such a pair is â€Å"The Lamb† from Innocence and â€Å"The Tyger† from Experience. â€Å"The Lamb† consists of two stanzas, each one of them based on simple rhyming scheme like the children’s songs. The first stanza poses the questions while the second one is left for the answers. The questions are for the lamb, the speaker, presumably a child, asks the animal who has made it. The whole description of the animal supposes a meek and good one, the use of soft vowels makes the perception stronger. The second stanza gives the answers, although obvious, they are given in the form of a child’s puzzle, showing a bit of naivete. After a bit of a puzzle-playing the answer is crystal clear, the creator of the lamb is God. With the lines â€Å"For he is called by thy name/For he calls himself a lamb† Blake reminds the reader of the Bible and more specifically of Jes us, who after his Crucifixion becomes the Lamb of God. Following this, the lamb is a symbol of naà ¯ve innocence, also suffering one. â€Å"The Tyger† is the â€Å"experienced† poem of the pair. The lines â€Å"Did He smile His work to see?/Did He who made the lamb make thee?† may be considered a symbolic centre of the poem. The persona asks the tyger if his creator is the one who created the lamb. The questions are seeking an answer and at the same time are showing deep disbelieve, how can God who created the meek lamb create also the fierce tiger and frame his â€Å"fearful symmetry†. If innocence is naà ¯ve and suffering then experience, according to â€Å"The Tyger†, whose eyes have burnt in â€Å"distant deeps or skies†, should be dark and fierce having collected all the darkness â€Å"in the forests of the night† as is presented the life of the grown-up people in â€Å"The Tyger†. If â€Å"The Tyger† from Experience is the opposite poem to â€Å"The Lamb†, â€Å"To Tirzah† doesn’t have a particular opposite in Innocence, it may be considered as a single poem opposing the whole of Songs of Innocence. Tirzah is one of the five daughters of Zelophehad, also the name of the capital of  Israel, which is in opposition with Jerusalem, the city of God. The first stanza begins with the well-known fact that â€Å"Whate’er is born of mortal birth† dies. And ends with the question â€Å"Then what have I to do with thee?†, it seems it is directed exactly to that mortal part of humans. The second stanza is a reminder of Genesis, the fall of Adam and Eve when looking for knowledge and their curse when drown out of Heaven, men to work with sweat on their foreheads and women to cry of pain while giving birth to their children. In the third stanza Tirzah proves out to be the mother of the â€Å"mortal part† of humans and thus mother of death. The persona of the poem seems to be a young man who is angry with his mother for giving him life that inevitably ends in death. The young man may also be afraid to break the bond with his mother and live in the world of experience on his own. The last stanza opposes life on earth whose â€Å"tongue is made of clay† and life in heaven whose symbol is Jesus and his crucifixion. Experience understands the simple rules of life that what is born dies and can’t accept them, while innocence accepts and amuses in everything even in perceiving experience. The bond between innocence and experience when judged from â€Å"To Tirzah† seems to be the bond of a blissful student to his desperate teacher. Such blissful innocence is presented in the â€Å"Introduction† of Songs of Innocence. The poem begins with a piper’s song, the persona sees a child on a cloud, an ordinary symbol of blissful innocence, the child/angel is enjoying the piper’s song, which in Blakean times is considered to be the purest of all. The child nearly orders the piper to â€Å"Pipe a song about a Lamb!†, innocence enjoys the song about another blissful innocent creature – the lamb. Experience in the form of the grown-up piper praises and at the same time amuses innocence. The bond between â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul† is a mother-child relationship. Experience teaches innocence as the piper writes down in a book the songs he knows so that â€Å"Every child may joy to hear.† But the mother also protects her child, so does experience as is clearly seen from the poem â€Å"Holy Thursday†. Children, the most common symbol of innocence, are walking two by two and â€Å"grey-headed beadles† are leading them to St. Paul’s cathedral, experience protects innocence and leads it to a place where God will guide and protect it. In the second stanza of the poem innocence is a multitude, children are like â€Å"flowers of London town†, â€Å"multitudes of lambs†, innocence is being united with nature. Following the flow of thought innocence seems to glow with its divine image as is presented in â€Å"The Divine Image† from Songs of Innocence. The first stanza of the poem states that Mercy, Pity, Peace and Love are the four most important virtues that every man prays to. The second stanza reveals that the virtues symbol of innocence and purity are God and human â€Å"His child and care†. Reading on the poem shows that man is made up of virtues and possesses the human form divine, the purest and Godly innocence. If innocence is â€Å"the human form divine† then what is experience and what have they to do with one another? Does â€Å"London† from Songs of Experience give the answer? â€Å"London† is symbol of fallen humanity, symbol of the dark face of the industrial revolution that Blake’s contemporaries so much prided on. The persona’s journey begins with â€Å"I wander†, he walks through â€Å"each chartered street†, in Blakean times charters were given to rich people as a permission to rule given city. A city, in our case London, may be chartered, but Blake uses irony when defining the river Thames as chartered because a river cannot be put under human rules. The whole city, even the river, look like prisoners that’s why the persona can observe â€Å"marks of weakness, marks of woe† on every face he meets. From the first stanza his journey seems to be a sad walk through experience. In the second stanza the poet uses repetition in order to make the impact of his words stronger. He mentions manacles that were an ordinary thing to be seen on the hands of prisoners that were sent to Australia. But Blake’s manacles are ‘mind-forged’, a symbol of moral rules and laws that restrict â€Å"civilized† people. This image is also an allusion to Rousseau’s statement that â€Å"Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.† The third stanza gives more specific examples of weakness and woe. The image of the child chimney-sweeper crying is a symbol of the unlawful use of child’s labour; the second – the blackening church appalls every one, the church is blackening as a symbol of stagnation, injustice, wrongly used power of not helping those that most need its caress – the poor. And last but not least the sound of the hapless soldier’s sigh; Blake  uses hyperbole in this particular image when describing that the sigh â€Å"Runs in blood down palace walls†. Being a reminder of the French revolution the poet warns the king and the people who rule the â€Å"chartered streets† and â€Å"the chartered Thames† that the misfortunate British may rise following the example of their soul mates – the French. The action in the last stanza takes place at midnight, the time when all monsters come out to haunt the living, this is the time of full darkness, symbol of impurity. At midnight the young harlot is forced to sell her body in a society where money is God. Blake uses a rather strong oxymoron to outline her image, â€Å"marriage hearse†, there can never be such a thing or it can in a London with â€Å"chartered streets† and â€Å"blackening church†; her curse damns lost innocence that can never be returned. â€Å"London† has a simple AB rhyming scheme that is typical for nursery rhymes, its innocent representation is in ironic opposition with its content, exactly like London of Blakean time, it was considered the peak of civilization while from the inside it was rotting away. From â€Å"London† it looks like that the bond between innocence and experience is very narrow, to enter experience one just has to be aware of evil. Experience is also understanding and accepting death, most fearful of all experience. â€Å"The Fly† from Songs of Experience proves it. At first sight the poem’s theme is about destruction, the persona kills the fly; but as the speaker identifies with the fly in the third stanza he is also vulnerable to â€Å"some blind hand† that may brush him away, the hand of the inevitable, of blind providence. The perspective of the persona killing the fly is turned a bit sideways with the act of the speaker’s identification with the fly; his act of killing may be not aimed to the fly but to himself. The last two stanzas are the most enigmatic and at the same time most universal ones. The forth stanza toys with the idea that if â€Å"thought is life† meaning that knowledge is life and â€Å"the want of thought is death† – an allusion to the Bible, when Adam and Eve are repelled from Heaven for seeking knowledge, when leaving Heaven they leave innocence behind and enter experience where they learn of death. But the poet shows death as the lack of thought, the lack of life, he teaches us that the price for gaining experience is losing innocence but death may be the gate to achieving regained innocence, because if death is the lack of thought then it is the lack of experience meaning  that it is regained innocence. Experience also has its own unique form according to the â€Å"Introduction† of Songs of Experience, its voice is the voice of the ancient bard who â€Å"present, past and future sees†, its ears have heard the Holy Word that is symbol of Jesus who â€Å"walked among the ancient trees† more than 2,000 years ago. The form of Innocence is presented in â€Å"Holy Thursday† from Songs of Innocence. The most well-known symbol of Innocence is the child, on that ground children are presented in the first stanza of â€Å"Holy Thursday†, children are walking two by two and beadles are leading them to St. Paul’s Cathedral, Experience is guiding Innocence to the cathedral were Innocence is to be protected by God himself. In the second stanza the children are multitude, they are like lambs and exactly then and there Innocence is united with nature. In the last stanza the children raise their voice to Heaven and the aged men, Experience, are still there to protect Innocence. Innocence is also symbol of new life being born as is presented in â€Å"The Echoing Green† from Songs of Innocence. â€Å"Spring† in the first stanza of the poem is symbol of the new life, of new Innocence being born. The colour of Innocence, as is easy to be guessed, according to the poem is green. The second stanza presents happy old people, sitting under an oak tree, and laughing at the youths’ games. They remember their own children’s games and their Innocence returns on the echoing green. The last stanza is no more cheerful, youth is tired and everyone is returning to their homes â€Å"like birds in the nests†; the echoing green is no more, it is darkening, like a haunting experience, like a date on which Innocence will come for the last time and be gone forever. Interesting connection between innocence and experience provide also the pair of poems â€Å"The Chimney-Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence and the one from Songs of Experience. â€Å"The Chimney-Sweeper† from Songs of Innocence is Blake’s most ironic poem if he ever intended to write such. In 18th century England the chimney-sweepers were little children, most often orphans or  from poor families. Such is the case with the persona of the poem, when his mother dies his father sells him to be a chimney-sweeper and dooms him to sure early death because the chimney-sweepers from that time lived until they were seven or eight years old and died most often of respiratory problems caused by the soot. That is the story of the child-persona told in the first stanza while he walks the streets and cries â€Å"Sweep, sweep, sweep† as a kind of commercial for his job. But the misspelling of the word is not by chance, the author chose to write â€Å"Weep, weep, weepâ €  because misery is the true occupation of the child – chimney-sweeper. The story goes on in the second stanza with little Tom Dacre. His head is â€Å"curled like a lamb’s back† and that is allegory to another poem from Songs of Innocence â€Å"The Lamb†, like the lamb Tom is meek and innocent and he cries when his hair is shaved. The child-persona consoles him that when shaved the soot cannot spoil his white hair; so far innocence blinded Tom when it is â€Å"shaved† he could see the real world. So in the third stanza he is quiet and has a dream that thousands of sweepers are â€Å"locked in coffins of black†. Knowing the hard lives of England’s 18th century child-chimney-sweepers the â€Å"coffins of black† are the chimneys that buried the children. The forth stanza is left for the angel with the bright key who comes and sets all the chimney-sweepers free. But the only Angel who has such a key is the Angel of Death. Tom dreams that all are running down a green plain, washing in the river – all these are symbols of innocence. Later on the Angel tells Tom that if he is a good boy and does his work well he’ll have God for his father, meaning that he’ll return to innocence but only after his death. The children chimney-sweepers are doomed to have entered experience and the bad part of it too early and innocence is for them only a dream. â€Å"The Chimney-Sweeper† from Songs of Experience opposes the one from Songs of Innocence. â€Å"A little black thing† enters the scene, the child-chimney-sweeper has become one with the soot, he has even obtained its colour. As in Songs of Innocence the perssona cries â€Å"weep† instead of â€Å"sweep†, it sound is part of a melody whose notes are â€Å"the notes of woe†. The second stanza begins with â€Å"Because†, the child-chimney-sweeper feels that because he was happy upon the heath and smiled his parents have given him the clothes of death and give him to it. The persona is angry, he is no  longer innocent because anger is feeling of experience, so he enters experience angry. His parents think they have done him no injury and are gone to praise the Lord who cannot save the child from singing his â€Å"notes of woe†. In the last line of the poem God is frankly accused of being an alliance with church and state who â€Å"made up a heaven of our misery†. Heaven is no more a consoling place for the child-chimney-sweeper who has entered experience it is a place made up of the misery of his fellow â€Å"black things†. Blake’s Songs prove his statement that innocence and experience are â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul†, the relationship between the two is always opposition: innocence is meek and suffering while experience is fierce and dark but experience accepts and understands life as it is while innocence amuses in everything, it is united with nature. The Godly innocence is the human form divine. Sometimes the bond between innocence and experience is very narrow, to enter experience one has to be aware of evil, experience is also understanding and accepting death. The most well-known form of experience is the grown-up while innocence is the little child, the colour of innocence is green, while those of experience is black. And last but not least the relationship between innocence and experience is that they are both states of the human soul but to the first one is given the blissful life, to the second – the angry existence.

Reflexive Dialogue and Small Report

Setting of the InterviewI asked one of my friends to visit me in my place of residence to have some cup of coffee. This friend of mine came also from Saudi Arabia, and went to the university to take graduate courses. After having dinner, I asked him if he was willing to share some of his problems with me. And as a compensation for his â€Å"task†, I offered my friend the chance to read my personal narrative. This is one of the course requirements in this subject.My friend told me some of his problems. For one, he was having a little problem learning English. English for him was a very difficult subject; with clear rules on pronunciation and verb usage. He said: â€Å"English has the most number of words in all the written languages of the world; learning such would be a headache.† I agreed to the assertion of my friend. English is really a complicated language.Not only that spelling and verb-subject agreement should be taken into account, but the whole situational use o f, say, an English statement should be clearly presented (to the general audience). He added that he must take the bitter pill of learning English since this is required in the academic world. Communication today in almost any field; in the office, in the academe, took place with the assistance of the English language. The more pressing need to learn English comes from studying abroad. Almost all universities in many Western countries do not use Arabic as a means to transmit academic information. Hence, for him, learning English was an inevitable need. (I did not include his other problems in this report).I then presented my personal narrative to him and asked him to read it. After sometime, my friend finished reading my personal narrative. He was almost speechless upon reading my personal narrative. My personal narrative detailed some of my experiences of culture shock. It was an almost daily account of my activities (although the entries were irregular). Included in my personal na rrative were my experiences upon leaving the Sydney airport to studying in the university (I gave the details of some accounts in the problem-posing vignette section). Included also in the personal narratives were my personal feelings towards the events, the participants, and the general values or beliefs in question.I asked my friend for his personal opinions of, or reactions to my personal narrative. He said that he also experienced events that could be classified as culture shock. Added to that, my friend stated that in the beginning, he was not very sure of the appropriate term for such experiences. Only upon reading my personal narrative did he know that they were part of a phenomenon called culture shock. He said that my personal narrative might give him some advice on how to handle culture shock. Here are some of the excerpts of the dialogue (translated from Arabic). The first part is a discussion of my experiences of culture shock.Friend: So culture shock is the right term f or such things. When I left the airport, I really did notice that people like to walk in the street which is not a common sight in our country. It was embarrassing in the first instance but in due time I found it to be a common practice here.Omeir: I was also embarrassed but when I began to ask my classmates why people usually walk in the streets, I was somehow enlightened. In the case of Australia, for example, walking is simply an expression of either friendship or liberty. It is an expression of friendship when a person walks with another person; an expression of liberty when a person exercises his right to privacy. This was an uncommon sight in our country since most people have cars.Friend: What about that instance when you saw that a female professor taught a predominantly male class? This is impossible in Saudi.Omeir: I found it very interesting, although shocking at first glance. It was not very bad as you have said in our previous conversation. Female students in the univer sity are educated as much as their male counterparts.Friend: It seemed that you are beginning to understand the workings of Australian culture. I also understand some aspects of Australian culture like religion, dance, music, etc. This is part of my role as a graduate student studying abroad. In my opinion, they ought to be learned, not for self’s sake but for the sake of respect.Omeir: That is true. Having a right attitude towards a foreign culture is a must when studying abroad. Understanding the dynamics of an alien culture, though horrifying or embarrassing in many instances, should be viewed with an unbiased eye. This is the primary and first rule of culture respect.Friend: Personally, I am still bothered by cultural practices here in Australia. What is your personal reaction?  Omeir: After some time, through constant communication with the students of the university, I found those practices to be not embarrassing anymore. Although it is far from acceptance, that is, p articipation in the cultural activities itself, it gave me an avenue to view things from the perspective of those who are members of that particular culture. I remembered that in my undergraduate years, there was a term to describe this phenomenon. Well it’s unimportant.The second set of excerpts is about the resolution phase of the problem (how we went about researching and responding to the problem through a thorough self-study). Here are some of the excerpts of the conversation.Omeir: One of my subjects introduced to me a method for assessing my problems, in this case about culture shock. I was really surprised that personal experiences, guided with some research materials can really result to clear grounded knowledge.Friend: How was that so?Omeir: Well, experiences serve as the grounding point of all theoretical problems in a field of subject for example. In my case, when I analyzed many of my experiences, I found out that there are methods or techniques that can be used to reduce it. It was not only first hand knowledge, it was knowledge applied. Academic journals related to my inquiry were very useful.Friend: You mean that those personal experiences were transformed into a problem. And that these problems were put in a table of inquiry. And that based from this inquiry, you were able to learn some methods to reduce that problem (culture shock).Omeir: Precisely, I have learned that constant interaction with other people who came from different cultural settings is a plus in absorbing culture shock. Nonetheless, because interaction is mostly done in conversations, I am forced to learn some of the appropriate gestures and idioms to use. In such way, I am able to communicate and express my concerns to my foreign friends. I also researched some of the strategies for reducing culture shock. I intend to share it with some of my friends who are currently experiencing culture shock.Friend: I have learned many things from this conversation. I will follow yo ur advice with regard to managing culture shocks†¦Reflective Response to the DialogueNote that in the first lines of the script, I established the fact that both my friend and I are located in the same cultural setting (Saudi Arabia). The experience which I described to my friend served as a stimulating factor to enable him to judge the validity of my experience; through his own personal experiences. The next dialogue was about the nature of Australian culture (or culture in general). This dialogue cleared some of the misconceptions of culture. Added to that, it was also implicitly stated that culture shock is a natural response of graduate students working abroad.This usually helps the interviewee erase his earlier conceptions of Australian culture. Exposure and discussion shed light to some of the most puzzling things about Australian culture (it is natural for a foreigner to be puzzled to a foreign culture). The second part of the interview is the resolution phase of the pro blem. Here I shared some of the ways to reduce culture shock (culture shock management). I also introduced problem-posing vignette as a preliminary method in assessing personal experiences which can be theoretically substantial.ConclusionBased from the rigors of personal experiences, I was able to communicate to my friend the basic steps in problem or inquiry formation. Because problems in the academe are usually theoretical in nature (form), there is a tendency for personal experiences to be treated as personal biases. In this task, I was not only able to give some advice on how to manage culture shock (culture shock reduction) – this is a form of help to a friend who really want to reduce the effects of culture shock (as I had indicated in the question of the problem-posing vignette section), I was also able to give my friend a systematic method in analyzing problem-posing vignettes.   Added to that, I was able to learn that problem-posing vignettes can be a useful tool i n transforming personal experiences into theoretically sound propositions.ReferencesBochner, S. (Ed.). 1981.   The mediating person:   Bridges between cultures. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.Jacobs, Katrina. 2007. Culture Shock (Strategies for Managing Culture Shock). NY: MacMillan Publishing House.Milton, Thomas J. 1997. Understanding Culture Shock. Virginia:   Foreign Area Officer Association.

Aba Putangina Nyo

BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest. Aba Putangina Nyo BUSINESS CASE Presented to the Accountancy Department De La Salle University In partial fulfillment Of the course requirements In ACTPACO (K32) Duhaylungsod, Paul Angelo, P. March 5, 2013 DECISION MAKING ACROSS THE ORGANIZATION Richard Powers and Jane Keckley, two professionals in the finance area, have worked for Eberhart Leasing for a number of years. Eberhart Leasing is a company that leases high-tech medical equipment to hospitals. Richard and Jane have decided that, with their financial expertise, they might start their own company to provide consulting services to individuals interested in leasing equipment.One form of organization they are considering is a partnership. If they start a partnership, each individual plans to contribute P2 million in cash. In addition, Richard has a used IBM computer that originally cost P148,000, which he intends to invest in the partnership. The computer has a present market value of P60,000. Although both Richard and Jane are financial wizards, they do not know a great deal about how a partnership operates. As a result, they have come to you for advice. 1.What are the major disadvantages of starting a partnership? Partnership can easily dissolve automatically when one of its partners no longer wishes to participate in the business, or is unable to. This may happen in the event of death, bankruptcy, retirement or resignation. A divorce could also force a partner to attempt to cash out his interest, since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. A partnership is for the long term, and expectations and situations can change, which can lead to dramatic and traumatic split ups.Business partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners and you have to consult your partner and negotiate more as you cannot make decisions by yourself therefore need to be more flexible and a major disadvantage of a partnership is unlimited liability. General partners are liable without limit for all debts cont racted and errors made by the partnership. The accounts of partnership concerns are not published so public is unaware of the exact position of the business.There is a suspicion in public mind that these concerns earn huge profits at the cost of consumers. There is no legal binding for the publication of accounts. So partnership concerns lack public confidence. No partner can transfer his share to a third party without the consent of the other partners. If a partner wants his share back it will not be possible without the approval of other partners or without dissolution of the firm. In case of a company, any shareholder can transfer his shares without affecting the working of the business.In partnership, a partner is permanently wedded to it and lastly there is a limitation in raising additional resources for expansion purposes. The business resources are limited to the personal funds of the partners. Borrowing capacity of the partners is also limited. The number of partners to be added to a business is also limited. A banking company cannot have more than ten partners and in other businesses the number of partners cannot exceed twenty. So there is a limit beyond which partners cannot be added. 2. What type of document is needed for a partnership, and what should this document contain?Article of co partnership is a written agreement prior to the formation of a business, outlining the terms of the partnership and it must contain the firm’s name, how the firm will begin and end, nature of the business operations, monetary agreements like partners investments, determination of partner salaries and distribution of profits and losses. The document must also contain decision making guidelines and authority of partners and lastly expected time contribution of partners. 3. Both Richard and Jane plan to work full-time in the new partnership.They believe that net income or net loss should be shared equally. However, they are wondering how they can provide compen sation to Richard Powers for his additional investment of the computer. What would you tell them? They should change the profit and loss ratio in favor or Richard Powers in order for them to compensate his additional investment or they can also give him a bonus as well because if they distribute the net loss or net income equally it would be unfair for him because he invested more than the other partner.Another advice I would tell them is Richard can contribute less cash and compensate with the investment of his computer therefore, the basis of the distribution of income is their beginning capital or initial investment. 4. Richard is not sure how the computer equipment should be reported on his tax return. What would you tell him? The report on his tax return regarding the computer equipment will be based or I related on his income or you can say that depending on their net income or loss dividing by the partners’ profit 5.As indicated above, Richard and Jane have worked toge ther for a number of years. Richard’s skills complement Jane’s and vice versa. If one of them dies, it will be very difficult for the other to maintain the business, not to mention the difficulty of paying the deceased partner’s estate for his or her partnership interest. What would you advise them to do? They should know the risk of entering a partnership and all of its disadvantages stated earlier but because accidents cannot be prevented they should have alternatives or options unless one of them dies early during the partnership.One option is that they could assign their respective heirs to take over the business for them or if they don’t have a child they must assign their personal choice of who they want to replace them but of course the heirs or assignees must have knowledge about what they might acquire in their shoulders like the liabilities of the previous owner, the responsibilities on handling a business. In paying the deceased partner’ s estate they could build a trust fund through their partnership that would sustain the payables if ever one of them dies so that the remaining partner would not have a difficult time in paying those interest.